Atticus Finch Monologue Analysis Essay

Atticus Finch Monologue, analysis Gentlemen, I shall be brief, but I would like to use my remaining time with you to remind you that the case of Mayella Ewell vs. Tom Robinson is not a difï ¬ cult one. To begin with, this case should have never come to trial. The state of Alabama has not produced one iota of medical evidence that shows that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. This case is as simple as black and white. It requires no minute sifting of complicated facts, but it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. Miss Ewell did something that in our society is unspeakable: she is white, and she tempted a Negro. The defendant is not guilty, but someone in this courtroom is. I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake. She knew full well the enormity of her offense, but because her desires were stronger than the code she was breaking, she persisted. The state of Alabama has relied solely upon the testimony of two witnesses who’s evidence has not only been called into serious question, but has been ï ¬â€šatly contradicted by the defendant. I need not remind you of their appearance and conduct on the stand. They have presented themselves in the cynical conï ¬ dence that their testimony would not be doubted. They were conï ¬ dent that you, the jury, would go along with the evil assumption that all Negro’s lie, and are immoral. Mr. Robinson is accused of rape, when it was she who made the advances on him. He put his word against two white people’s, and now he is on trial for no apparent reason- except that he is black. Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal, a phrase that the government is fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use that phrase out of context, to satisfy all conditions. We know that all men are not created equal in the sense that some people would have us believe. Some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they are born with it, some men have more money than others, and some people are more gifted than others. But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal. An institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the  ignorant man the equal of any president, and the stupid man the equal of Einstein. That institution is the court. But a court is only as sound as its jury, and the jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am conï ¬ dent that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore the defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty. In the name of God, gentlemen, believe Tom Robinson. I could shoot all the blue jays I wanted, if I could hit ’em, but to remember it was a sin to kill a mockingbird†¦Well, I reckon because mockingbirds don’t do anything but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat people’s gardens, don’t nest in the corncribs, they don’t do one thing but just sing their hearts out for us. Atticus represents morality and reason in To Kill a Mockingbird. As a character, Atticus is even-handed throughout the story. He is one of the very few characters who never has to rethink his position on an issue. His parenting style is quite unique in that he treats his children as adults, honestly answering any question they have. He uses all these instances as an opportunity to pass his values on to Scout and Jem. Scout says that â€Å"‘Do you really think so?’ . . . was Atticus’s dangerous question† because he delighted in helping people see a situation in a new light. Atticus uses this approach not only with his children, but with all of Maycomb. And yet, for all of his mature treatment of Jem and Scout, he patiently recognizes that they are children and that they will make childish mistakes and assumptions. Ironically, Atticus’s one insecurity seems to be in the child-rearing department, and he often defends his ideas about raising children to those more experienced and more traditional. His stern but fair attitude toward Jem and Scout reaches into the courtroom as well. He politely proves that Bob Ewell is a liar; he respectfully questions Mayella about her role in Tom’s crisis. One of the things that his longtime friend Miss Maudie admires about him is that â€Å"‘Atticus Finch is the same in his house as he is on the public streets.'† The only time he seriously lectures his children is on the evils of taking advantage of those less fortunate or less educated, a philosophy he carries into the animal world by his refusal to hunt. And although most of the town readily pins the label â€Å"trash† on other people, Atticus reserves that distinction for those people who unfairly exploit others. Atticus believes  in justice and the justice system. He doesn’t like criminal law, yet he accepts the appointment to Tom Robinson’s case. He knows before he begins that he’s going to lose this case, but that doesn’t stop him from giving Tom the strongest defense he possibly can. And, importantly, Atticus doesn’t put so much effort into Tom’s case because he’s an African American, but because he is innocent. Atticus feels that the justice system should be color blind, and he defends Tom as an innocent man, not a man of color. Atticus is the adult character least infected by prejudice in the novel. He has no problem with his children attending Calpurnia’s church, or with a black woman essentially raising his children. He admonishes Scout not to use racial slurs, and is careful to always use the terms acceptable for his time and culture. He goes to Helen’s home to tell her of Tom’s death, which means a white man spending time in the black community. Other men in town would’ve sent a messenger and left it at that. His lack of prejudice doesn’t apply only to other races, however. He is unaffected by Mrs. Dubose’s caustic tongue, Miss Stephanie Crawford’s catty gossip, and even Walter Cunningham’s thinly veiled threat on his life. He doesn’t retaliate when Bob Ewell spits in his face because he understands that he has wounded Ewell’s pride — the only real possession this man has. Atticus accepts these people because he is an expert at â€Å"climb[ing] into [other people’s] skin and walk[ing] around in it.†

Barbara Jordan: The First African-American Woman State Senator

Jordan campaigned for the Texas House of Representatives in 1962 and 1964. [1] Her persistence won her a seat in the Texas Senate in 1966, becoming the first African American state senator since 1883 and the first black woman to serve in that body. [1] Re-elected to a full term in the Texas Senate in 1968, she served until 1972. She was the first African-American female to serve as president pro tem. of the state senate and served one day, June 10, 1972, as acting governor of Texas.In 1972, she was elected to the United States House of Representatives, becoming the first black woman from a Southern state to serve in the House. She received extensive support from former President Lyndon Johnson, who helped her secure a position on the House Judiciary Committee. In 1974, she made an influential, televised speech before the House Judiciary Committee supporting the impeachment of President Richard Nixon.Jordan was mentioned as a possible running mate to Jimmy Carter in 1976,[1] and that year she became the first African-American woman to deliver the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention. [1] Her speech in New York that summer was ranked 5th in â€Å"Top 100 American Speeches of the 20th century† list and was considered by many historians to have been the best convention keynote speech in modern history. Despite not being a candidate Jordan received one delegate vote (0. 03%) for president at the convention.Jordan retired from politics in 1979 and became an adjunct professor teaching ethics at the University of Texas at Austin Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs. She again was a keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention in 1992. In 1995, Jordan chaired a Congressional commission that advocated increased restriction of immigration, called for all U. S. residents to carry a national identity card and increased penalties on employers that violated U. S. immigration regulations. [2][3] Then-President Clinton endorsed the Jordan Commission's proposals. 4] While she was Chair of the U. S. Commission on Immigration Reform she argued that â€Å"it is both a right and a responsibility of a democratic society to manage immigration so that it serves the national interest. † Her stance on immigration is cited by opponents of current US immigration policy who cite her willingness to penalize employers who violate US immigration regulations, to tighten border security, and to oppose amnesty or any other pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants[5] and to broaden the grounds for the deportation of legal immigrants. [6]

Carr assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Carr assignment - Essay Example Applying this principle on successful companies like Boeing, Toyota, Pfizer etc., they have established their name not by magically injecting efficiency in their system, but by providing better products (capturing market share, non-IT competitive edges, price strategies etc.). Workers must constantly learn new skills to keep up to date with changing technology (Morley 296). IT gadgets have been transformed from strategic resource to commodity products. At one time a company is proud of a IT innovation, and after a few time, it found being ruined by lower middle class of the society, meaning it is no longer expensive unique or unavailable. Technology is always taken up by firms. A lot of investment is ready for a new technology. Industries acquire technology but there is very little research as to how technology actually provided a competitive advantage to a certain firm. The argument that technology gives a competitive edge to a firm is valid. Electricity is a classic example. However the fact ignored is indefinite reliability on a piece of technology is fatal for the corporate

Solid Waste Management Privatization Research Paper

Solid Waste Management Privatization - Research Paper Example This research paper not only discusses today's pollutive levels in India, but also analyzes benefits and disadvantages of privatizing solid waste management services in New Delhi. The researcher explores costs of waste disposal services in India, that had increased from 21 to 42% after the privatization. This drop in costs was mainly attributed to great efficiency and stricter monitoring of the waste services. The government, on the other hand, cannot pay its workers lower than their minimum, therefore without privatization the costs will still remain high. In their provision of services, private companies also have economies of scale to protect the environment and to get into multiple contracts thus, incurring very low costs. In addition this research paper also discusses government bureaucracies, such as service limitations, that are not imposed on private companies and for this reason, their service provision is not hindered at all. Privatization of solid waste management was also thought as beneficial by the researcher due to the increased efficiency of the services. The dumping sites in New Delhi reduced remarkably after the privatization program. In conclusion, the researcher states that privatization of solid waste management certainly has more benefits than if left in the hands of the public sector. Better and improved results are more likely to be obtained if the private sector undertakes the solid waste management services. However, the cost factor is still of great importance.

Corporate Social Responsibility at the Boston Beers Essay - 1

Corporate Social Responsibility at the Boston Beers - Essay Example This research tells that resources such as clean water and air are getting more elusive daily, both in the community, we operate within and in the world over. In Boston, Massachusetts, one of the major problems faced is water pollution. Some members of the public continue to raise concerns over the frequent pollution of their primary water sources that they use as sources of drinking water, domestic consumption, and industrial uses, among other things. Often, members of the public have articulated that unclean water infiltrates their water lines, causing the water supplied to be unusable, especially domestically. In a study conducted by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, it was discovered that the water pollution in the Boston area went as high as 35.71% on the pollution index. The study was based on water collected from beaches, rivers and residential areas. The beach water was voted most polluted owing to the quantity of chemical effluent discovered on testin g the samples collected from them. Apart from chemicals, the water consisted of other wastes such as plastics and sewage. This has raised major concerns over the measures taken by the relevant parties in ensuring access to clean and usable water in the community. Boston Beers Company has a role to play in ensuring a reduction in the level of water pollution in the environs of the company. The company is not solely to blame for water pollution. Even so, there are several reasons as to why the Boston Beers ought to be at the front line in making efforts to reduce water pollution.

Information technology project management Assignment

Information technology project management - Assignment Example iew, variance analysis, Schedule compression, Resource leveling   Decomposition shall help the Project activities timed better, expert judgment will be required to budget time for various activities, dependency determination shall help sequence activities such that project delays can be minimized or mitigated, floats shall be determined to ascertain the flexibility in the project to makeup for any unwanted delays, Three point estimation shall help in arriving at more realistic estimates of project activity duration Project Cost Management    Expert judgment, Cost of quality, Three point estimates, Variance analysis Expert judgment shall be required to determine the activity and project costs and make cost budget, Cost of quality must be determined to make cost benefit decisions when faced with conflicting cost heads, Three point estimates shall give better estimates of costs, Variance analysis will help in keeping the project costs on track Project Quality Management   Cost ben efit analysis, Quality Audits, Control Charts   A cost benefit analysis will help balance activity cost with activity quality and will help us choose between two activities and their extent and scope, Quality audits will keep the quality levels for the activities on track, Control charts shall give an overview of the project quality performance and help keep a check on the same Project Human Resource Management   Organizational charts, Virtual teams, Training, Team building activities, Recognition and awards, Project performance appraisal, Conflict management   Organizational charts will be required to have a clarity as to the project roles and responsibilities, Virtual teams need to be created since the project covers more than one distant geographic company locations, Team building activities will be required to keep the project team bond better and develop work based understanding to help prevent any confusions and bottlenecks owing to the same, Project performance appraisa l shall serve as a tool to encourage good performance and will be crucial in control project progress, Conflict management might be required in order to keep any interpersonal problems from threatening the project performance Project Communications Management   Expert judgment, Communications requirement analysis, Stakeholder feedbacks, Face to Face meetings, Performance reports   Expert judgment will be required to make the formal as well informal communication effective, communications structure shall be determined through a requirement analysis, stakeholder feedbacks shall be sought to help improve their knowledge about project progress and find a realistic thrust of their

Baltimore Symphony Orchestra Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Baltimore Symphony Orchestra - Movie Review Example According to the reactions of many students who were in attendance, the likes overweighed the dislikes apart from the fact that dressing or costumes went a little bit too far and many were not comfortable with them. The fact that this was just one dislike, the likes included the best voices in the world this time witnessed in live performance, great styles on stage and most of all what seemed like the best organization and coordination among the artists who were present. This automatically influenced many students develop the desire to attend another concert in the future. In Opera context, there was a similarity between Don Giovanni-Mozart Madam Butterfly-Puccini because they all acted and appeared in theatre scenes in the same year. In all their acting, they seem to believe in fallacy making it a similarity amongst all of them. Don who featured as the daughter of the regiment from2000 to 2001, Puccini who featured as the girl of the golden west in the same year and Manama Butterfly in 2002 as well as Mozart who featured in the marriage of Figaro, all highly advocate fallacy for they say a fallacy is an informal notion or logic of thought. It is normally due to a misconception or false assumption (Ellen, 202). Normally, all of them direct it towards any other reason other than the true conception of truth. This form of reasoning is used to win arguments. There are many forms of trying to go about this form of reasoning in arguments relating to the question that the first paragraph intended to answer. In order to have a critical and analytical understanding of jazz composers, one should be familiar with the basic common errors of reasoning in order to have a concise form of logical argument (Ellen, 202). Answering the question of my thoughts on the plot of each opera, which many people have not been able to answer since 1960, every Opera production in the United States of America supports performance and creation of new works by American composers especially th ose from the northern side. OPERA America’s online education core, which is the learning centre, features information, which not only focuses on frequent operas but also houses an inventory that has proven to grow of composers from north America as well as their operas for use by opera lovers, artists and administrators (mark, 12). Therefore, the concert finds synopses, biographies of librettists and composers, historical essays and other research as well as other multimedia excerpts. Jazz composers for example, which happens to be the genre subject in this paper, started way back in the 1960’s and up to date the composers still rely on Opera for research work. In the Opera, there is the voice workshop and the composers’ series, which is a competitive biannual fellowship, offered to composers especially those of jazz and composer/librettist teams (Mark, 212). The composers in subject do not relate to modern social issue because the notion behind fallacies as out lined by major philosophers asserts that in order to be a rational thinkers and composers, then one should avoid the illogicality in fallacies and carry out an examination to gauge one’s level of thinking. While composing, development for Rational Persons involves Viewing Development in Stages; the composer tries to explain the basic concepts that would help in becoming a rational jazz composer. Librettists like mark Campbell places in the mind of the audience stages of evaluation through which one can become a more rational thinker (Mark, 202). Other noticeable aspects include I. Non sequitur as the form of thinking where the

Movies Influence Among the People Research Proposal

Movies Influence Among the People - Research Proposal Example The most popular and influential of all movie industries is obviously, Hollywood. According to Allan and Barbara Pease, American films have been one media that brought about the vast spreading of American culture throughout the world, even in shaping the culture of the younger generation of in some parts of Asia. Hollywood plays a big part in the development of one's culture, as well as in the development of one's life. The media gives, and the audience receives. By studying (Hollywood) movie fanatics, we will know the reason as to why these people love to watch movies a lot; it could be discovered what genre of movies people of a certain culture prefer - as this is related to their daily routine and lifestyle; finding out if movie fanatics lead lives influenced by movies, or if these have affected their lives. Hollywood, too, is quite curious as to the numbers that upcoming box office hits may produce. They have hired three companies, namely, IAG Research, OTX, and the National Research Group to actually study these. These companies conduct different surveys, but only have one question they want answered, "Are movie goers still interested in a new release" (Horn 1). Just like in anything else, movie goers too have their own preferences when it comes to the movies they are fond of watching. Is this connected to their culture and lifestyle That is one question we would like to find out. In 2008, it has been noted that one of the quite surprising box-office results has been the performance of the movie, "The Game Plan." Most movies usually drop some 50% every weekend. However, this feel-good football film stays on, even on its second week of release (Horn 2). Americans are sports lovers by nature, and having baseball, football, and basketball in the list, this movie surely captured the audie nces by its relation to their cultural side, as a sporty nation. It is also to be noted that the movie showed the story of a father and his estranged daughter, which also reflect a part of the American lifestyle today. Movies' influence among the people is very strong that scenes depicting the stars smoking are being asked to be removed from youth-rated movies as this could influence, mostly the young members of society when they see their favorite star having a fondness for it (Guardian News and Media 2008). The lifestyle of the current times is very much faster and more stressful compared to those in the past that watching movies have been such a pacifier against stressful living. The movies create an escape from reality, and into the land of one's imaginary desires. Whatever the theme may be, it is a refuge for the busy minds of today's world and the hustle and bustle that comes with it (Connors). Plans for the Research Since movies are released weekly in the cinemas, plus movie goers are everywhere - as it is quite a trend, having movie watching considered as a recreation for some, it would probably take 4-6 weeks to complete the research. Observing the weekly releases and how the people in general respond to it is one way of gauging what do movie goers/movie fanatics really want, in terms of movies' genre. The

Memo of the textbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memo of the textbook - Essay Example He intends to implement the remaining portion of patient protection and affordable care act. The current president also intends to solve the problems within the payments system that threatens physician’s reimbursement. The policy will reform the medical malpractices to reduce the frequent medical lawsuits without arbitrary caps that do not lower cost of care in any way. (Obama and Lisa 1) Obama believes in a service that is affordable to everyone. The health care benefits the people in that at 65 the people are legible for free health care and subsidized costs of drugs. The children or adults under the age of 26 are also legible to be covered under the parent’s health care. The costs of insurance will also be improved due to the health care credits. Most of the democrats have discussed this in the past. The major concern has been on how the lives of the common man can be improved so as to ensure equality in the provision of fundamental services. The health care program for Obama intends to extend the service to over 30 million Americans who cannot access the service due to its cost. The Obamacare offers middle class Americans an opportunity to purchase health insurance. When a plan which only solves the problem of a few tycoons around is adopted, it will translate to a reduced voter expectation from the middle class populace. If the reasoning is based on the impacts the care will have on the lives of the common population, then Obama care should be in a position to appeal to people. It will convince the common citizens since they feel it is part of them. The bill believes in the simple principality of equality when it comes to respecting the lives of the people. Various states should also focus their funding towards the health care plan. The team behind the plan is strictly following the implementation of the plan that will see Americans get quality and affordable health care services. (Obama and Lisa

The legal and ethical issues surrounding Solyndra Essay

The legal and ethical issues surrounding Solyndra - Essay Example Businesses and organisations must look at the legal issues surrounding their operations. Failing to do this will most likely land the firm in a situation where they have to deal with law suits which may lead to the firm closing its doors from the public (Shaw, 2007). Legal issues as well as ethical issues must especially be considered in a very careful way in cases where public funding is concerned. Failing to do this can lead to inquiries which may lead to criminal prosecution in court. Yet, there are so many firms today which ignore these issues. A good example is Solyndra which died only about five years after its founding. The Solyndra Scandal The Solyndra scandal raises a number of both legal and ethical issues. Scandal like this cost the tax payers hundreds of millions and sometimes billions of dollars. One of the ethical issues which arises from the Solyndra case is the fact that the involved officials were aware of the big financial risk but continued with the project anyway (Leonnig & Stephens, n.d.). According to emails retrieved from correspondence between the Solyndra officials and the White House officials who were aiding in the acquisition of the loan, it was clear that there was little chance of the project breaking even and succeeding and the officials knew it. According to investigation done by the FBI, there were a number of issues which indicated that the officers involved were engaging in unethical or illegal affairs. White House Aide is actually revealed to have warned officials not to have any official communication through their personal email accounts as this would make the personal email accounts to be subpoenaed in case of a legal enquiry (Leonnig & Stephens, n.d.). This was one indicator that the officials, even prior to the over $500 million loan, already knew that things were not working out for Solyndra and that sooner than later it would have to collapse. Why officials of such high ranks would engage in such casino-like transactio ns with public funds in case a case of official negligence and abuse of power and office. While there may not be a directly illegal issue with the aide telling the officers to watch the way they communicate because they could be subpoenaed, it does show that these people were operating way outside the ethical thresholds. The actions of the Department of Energy also show a number of ethical issues. For instance as Stephens, Leonnig and Leonnig (2011) say, the DOE failed to warn the state house about the failing of Solyndra. In fact as the firm continued to fade and sink into its own operating costs, the DOE failed to pull the plug and instead additional funds were given to a failing firm even when it was very clear that the firm was failing drastically. Legal issues To understand the legal issues surrounding the Solyndra case scandal, it is important to revisit how the scandal unfolded. First, Solyndra had managed to secure conditional loan from the government in line with the depart ment of energy regulations. The loan failed to work and this is where the firm sought to get another loan in order to make up for the fact that the first loan did not help the firms to be able to get on its feet. However, due to the risk issues surrounding the restructuring of the loan, the loan restructuring would have to get approval by the justice department. In other words, Solyndra would have to get clearance from the department of

International Corporation Essay Example for Free

International Corporation Essay Hard Rock Cafe International founded in 1971, as one of the worldwide entertainment and dining brands, internationally- highly praised music. It has a network of 122 signature Hard Rock Cafes in 41 countries and owns the worlds greatest collection of music memorabilia. Founded by two Americans, Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, they are enterprising and music loving. Peter brought a real understanding of the restaurant business, and Isaac brought many creative attributes and together they made the Hard Rock Cafe (â€Å"The Hard Rock Cafe Story†, 2005). Hard Rock Cafe was an instant classic, entertain and attracting customers with its first-rate, but fairly priced casual American charge, warm service and ever-present rock n roll music and sensibility. They offer quality, classic American food in their unique, high-energy, music memorabilia-packed atmosphere. Hard Rock Cafe has finally become the worlds leading collector and exhibitors of rock n roll memorabilia (â€Å"The Hard Rock Cafe Story†, 2005). Known for its collectible and fashion merchandise, live concerts, Hard Rock Live performance venues, www. hardrock. com and Hard Rock Hotels and Casinos, Hard Rock Cafe International, Inc. is a totally owned subsidiary of London-based The Rank Group Plc. Hard Rock Cafe International provides visitors around the world with a unique experience that combines food and merchandise with the largest collection of rock memorabilia on the world. Hard Rock Cafe has become a global phenomenon. (Adelstein, 1999) People should keep their eye out as Hard Rock Cafe continues to take music into the next millennium, because at Hard Rock, music is truly the universal language. In latest years, Hard Rock has expanded its cafe limitations by reinforcing its music connection through music-related products and programs such as collectible and fashionable Hard Rock Cafe merchandise, the Hard Rock Records music label, www. hardrock. com, Hard Rock Hotels and Casinos, and Hard Rock Live music venues. Not only they can rock hard, they know how to throw a party. Opening celebrations for each new Hard Rock Cafe all around the world are started by live musical performances (â€Å"About Hard Rock cafe†, 2005). Hard Rock Cafe has been governed by a guiding service with law talent and honest philosophy, Love All Serve All. Means a place where all have always been welcome, in spite of age, sex or class. Hard Rock Cafe remains amazingly faithful to its original intentions. Its rock n roll sensibility a Hard Rock Cafe legacy- remains at the very center of all Hard Rock restaurants and every development hard work undertaken by Hard Rock Cafe. Classic American food, served up by a skilled, caring and helpful wait staff, is still the order of the day at Hard Rock Cafe. And a their commitment to widespread humanitarian causes under the banner Save the Planet- has helped make Hard Rock a legitimate cultural force, from coast to coast, continent to continent (â€Å"The Hard Rock Cafe Story†, 2005). Nowadays, Hard Rock Cafe International, with Hard Rock Cafe at its center, is an entertainment and leisure company that continues to successfully expand the Hard Rock Brand through limitless music-related ventures. Hard Rock Cafe is innovating on a system wide modernization program for the 21st century and adding a new day part, a nightclub with live music. Hard Rock is best known not for its food but for its atmosphere. The cafes ask for donations of music memorabilia and have the worlds largest collection of such. Time after time, their guests have told them that they are looking for an opportunity to make a personal, physical and sometimes even spiritual connection to the music and artists of their time. Then Hard Rock Cafe offer a entertaining, unique and educational look at the evolution of music, that can effects on world events and the emotional appeal and timeless energy as told through priceless memorabilia, interactive displays, educated guides and self-guided tours (â€Å"Hard Rock Cafe Announces Plans†, 2002). For Hard Rock Cafe the biggest challenge facing reputable restaurant chains like theirs is losing their customer. In addition, there have been many new competitors, paying attention by a low cost of livelihood and rising people, offering a comparable dining experience. Moreover, employee turnover has continued to increase. Fighting this situation, Hard Rock Cafe wanted to take improvement of their well-built brand image, combined with excellent customer service and constantly high food quality and to attract more customers from the close region (â€Å"Hard Rock Cafe sets new dining trends†, 2004). At Hard Rock Restaurant, to serves their customer they do not applied manual POS (Point of Sales) systems. The reason why The Hard Rock restaurant is do not make use of manual POS solution because it was based on manual processes, it was inefficient and costly to train new staff— and tracking lost revenue was nearly impossible. Before a new employee was ready to work on the restaurant floor, they have to follow the intensive classroom education for a week. From this activity expected, deliver the new wait-staff and cashiers that enable to memorize extensive information, from standard menu items and services options, to preparation alternatives, pricing details and corporate service policies (â€Å"Hard Rock Cafe sets new dining trends†, 2004). To be confident for the long term, The Hard Rock Cafe management needed to find a way to enhance customer service and reduce the amount of time that customers had to wait for their orders. Moreover, they had to decrease on training costs, as well as organization more-effective profits controls and a process for tracking customer preferences and sales trends to advance productivity. To face a great deal disturbance in the technology industry lately, the restaurant’s major concern in selecting a new POS resolution was dependability. Not just of the restaurant’s new systems, but also of the technology source delivering them. Then they use the new IBM technology-based solution (â€Å"Hard Rock Cafe sets new dining trends†, 2004). Hard Rock Cafe expects a full return on investment (ROI) for the new IBM technology-based solution. ROI expected can reduce the cashier headcount and staff training costs. Hard Rock Cafe wait-staff and cashiers can trust in rapid access to concurrent menu and pricing information to respond quickly to diners, by leveraging new functionality. Besides, human error during the order-entry process has been reduced to nearly nothing, resulting in better consistency, efficiency, and customer satisfaction (â€Å"Hard Rock Cafe sets new dining trends†, 2004). To constrain decision making about promotions, pricing and staffing, Hard Rock Cafe managers can track member of staff and customer activities, enabling the company to collect precious business data. By that method, they can rapidly identify popular items, advantage information to cross-sell extra menu items and track the preferences of common. The customers have seen the new technology and they often comment on the new modern system and Hard Rock Cafe innovative approach to reform the dining experience. This will affect customer faithfulness over the long term by enabling Hard Rock Cafe to leverage unforgettable, first-rate service and the strong brand image to attract a bigger base of both visitor and local customers (â€Å"Hard Rock Cafe sets new dining trends†, 2004). To build financial system work well, strategy for the Hard Rock Cafe are: ? They should fix the infrastructure and the existing corporate systems, ? They must invest in customer-facing programs ? They supposed to provide technologies that will drive traffic to Hard Rocks website (www. hardrock. com) and from there to the restaurants

What is Religion?

What is Religion? Religion is a special form of awareness of the surrounding world, which is based on the belief in the existence of one (or more) of the gods. It includes a set of moral and ethical conduct, which are usually reflected in the sacred texts. Religions emerged in the form of different beliefs, that appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of mankind. Despite lacking a clear organization like modern religions, it has always played a prominent role in different societies.[1] Even though, we usually see religion as the belief in one or more gods, this is not always the case. In Buddhism, for example, there are no deities. However, like other religions, Buddhism strongly asserts the existence of a spiritual reality, which is separated from everyday life of the material world. Consequently, perhaps, those who, by their own assurances, believe in the existence of the spiritual world should be called religious people. However, this is not necessarily true: religion, at least partially, can be institutionalized gathering in the shadow of their communities of those who join similar or common beliefs. However, the presence of the community is only one side of religion. Among others lay faith personal beliefs and feelings of reverence and veneration; the cult rites and church premises, collective prayer, and so on, norms moral rules and prohibitions, as well as notions of sin and holiness. However, this does not make religion an ideology. Like religion, ideology such as Nazism or communism require their followers absolute loyalty and direct follow of dogma, but do not need gods or special spirituality. Religion is not magic either. Magic fans believe, that certain rituals produce the desired changes in the material world without interfering with what is happening on the part of a deity. Religious people, on the contrary, pray about something, believing that only God is able to help put their prayers into reality. Religion can also be viewed as a cultural phenomenon, characteristic of various human societies with their system of values and fundamental myths. Some religions, such as Christianity or Islam, affirm their universality, and insist on their own exceptionalism and its special position in the world. Nevertheless, even Christianity and Islam can be seen as a product of historical development under certain conditions.   People throughout the ages have tried to answer the question about the essence of religion. Theologians, base the definition on the value of the word religion, that in Latin means connection. It is about the relationship between God and man. One of the Orthodox dogmatic teachings asserted that religion is a contract or union between God and man.[2] But, to agree with this explanation of religion is impossible, as it is impossible to agree with the simplistic interpretation of the fact, that religion is a fraud and a charlatan. Marxism suggests a scientific definition of religion. Exploring the laws of development of human society, the classics of Marxism-Leninism revealed the social essence of religion. We have convincingly shown that religion   is, for example, politics, law, morality, science, art is a form of social consciousness.[3] Each of the forms of social consciousness reflects a certain aspect of the life of society. Politics, for example, reflects the relations between classes, states, nations, morality the moral qualities of people. In other words, peoples consciousness reflects the objective world. However, this may be a reflection of true and false. Religion is a specific form of social consciousness, which always reflect objective reality as false, ugly, distorted. As Engels pointed out, All religion, however, is nothing but the fantastic reflection in mens minds of those external forces which control their daily life, a reflection in which the terrestrial forces assume the form of supernatural forces.[4] This is manifested in the peoples faith in the real existence of God, as well as different kinds of spirits, angels, demons, faith in supernatural connection between the real existing material objects and their properties. The definition of religion also includes representations, a system view of the world, expressed in the so-called holy books containing various myths, regulations and instructions, as well as by word of mouth of the mythical images, visions, paintings, based on a belief in the supernatural. Another element of religion are the sentiments of the faith. Religion can possess not only thoughts but also feelings of people. Theologians argue that man is born with the religious feelings, that is, with a ready ability to communicate with the supernatural, to feel the power of God, to see and feel his actions. Science denies the allegations and says religious ecstasy, fanaticism, and feelings of believers perversion of healthy human psyche that occurs under the influence of religious beliefs. Specificity of religious feelings is that, they are directed at the fictional, supernatural objects, rather than actually existing ones. The third element of religion is actions. Theologians say that the supernatural world cannot be known by human reason, it is necessary to believe in it, despite the arguments of science and reason, reject the existence of God. Therefore centuries elaborated and corresponding patterns of human behavior, customs and traditions passed down from generation to generation, performing religious rites and rituals following different regulations. All these actions are called worshipping.[5] When talking about religion, the existence of specific groups of people clergy should also be considered. Together with the faith, they constitute a special community or religious organization called the Church. For example, the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and so on. The clergy is promoting beliefs and worship. However, the existence of the clergy cannot be regarded as an indispensable element of religion: there are religious organizations, that do not have a permanent priesthood.[6] Thus, religion and belief is what connects the human with the divine world and gives the person a special state of inner warmth, tranquility and confidence because he does not feel alien to the divine forces that surrounds it. He does not feel thrown out in front of the meaninglessness of life. Life becomes meaningful with its purpose to union with God. It becomes clear and positive. We can say, that religion is one of the universal cultural mechanisms of regulation of human activity, it is through the actions of religious system organizes daily life, with the help of the development of doctrine structures the world, that makes us think about the basics and the meaning of our own life. [1] Kucheman, Cark, Religion, Culture, and Religious Socialism, The Journal of Religion, Jul 1972 [2] Holy Bible [3] Bauer, Andrea, The Marxist view: In the beginning was the World, Apr 2006 [4] Engels, Frederick, Anti-Dà ¼hring, Part III: Socialism, Ch. 5, 1877 [5] Wellman, James, Religon, Ideology, and Belief, Oxford Scholarship Online, Sep 2008 [6] Ibid

Socialization Leads To Identity Formation

Socialization Leads To Identity Formation What is socialization? Socialization is the process in which human beings interact with each other individually and in groups. It is the process by which one learns the traditions, customs and accepted behaviour in any given society. It is not a onetime process, but it is a lifelong process that provides individuals with skills, values and attitudes that are necessary for interacting with the society. Human beings need social experiences to learn their culture and survive in the society. They are not born with values and skills. They learn from what they see, hear and experience throughout their life. They have the capability to learn and absorb from what they see around them. Socialization is not a just a simple term that can be seen at face value. It has many layers, and each layer is different from the other and leads to different processes and situations. Socialization has three layers; primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary is what we learn from our family and when we are youn g, secondary is what we learn in school, and tertiary is what we learn throughout our lives. We now know what socialization means, but what is identity? Identity is what makes an individual who he really is and what his purpose in life is. It is what makes an individual definable and recognizable. It is who you are and where you come from and what makes you unique from every other human being. It gives an individual a sense of being. Identity can be defined as individuality, personality, distinctiveness or uniqueness that makes an individual stand out. Like socialization, identity too cannot be seen at face value. Identity has many layers to itself, and as we walk through life, each new layer keeps unfolding in front of us. Now, since we know what socialization and identity both mean, we can bring them together and relate them to answer our question does socialization lead to identity formation? Well, I think yes, socialization does lead to identity formation as we discover who we really are and where we fit in, only in the midst of people and in our interaction with them. Once we start interacting with the society, we learn so much about ourselves as well as about others (individuals or societies), their culture, customs, behaviour, etc. We learn that we are similar to some people, and different from others. Socialization makes an individual more confident. The more people we talk to, the more topics we talk about, and this in turn widens our scope. Also, we make ourselves more visible to society and hence people recognize us. Thus socialization helps in building ones identity. Todays world is all about power and identity. If one has an identity as well as the right attitude, he can achieve whatever h e wants. Socializing also leads to better networking. Better networking means more connections and more connections means higher opportunities at work or elsewhere as well. Hence socialization leads to a boost in ones career or talent and thus helps in identity formation. The more we interact with people, the more we discover ourselves and form judgements about ourselves as well as others. One is only able to discover his true self when he interacts with others and reacts in certain ways that are different from others. Everyone has a different and unique reaction to a certain situation. This uniqueness is what gives an individual his identity. For example, if we see Phillip Zimbardos Stanford Prison Study Experiment (Zimbardo, 1971), that was undertaken to study the behavioural and psychological consequences of becoming a prisoner or prison guard, we observe that the prisoners started to lose their identity, and didnt see it as an experiment, but as a real prison run by psychologist. They forgot that they were actually just college students and not actually prisoners. The prisoners actually gave up their freedom and forgot their rights and liberties. The situation was such that it made them feel that way. The environment was so realistic that they act ually believed they were prisoners and thus behaved in rebellion. It is the prisoners who created in the guards a sadistic impulse. The guards were compelled to act in ways that were totally opposite from what they were feeling inside. But few of the guards were actually cruel, and felt no guilt or regret while doing their job. They had completely lost themselves and started behaving in the role that was assigned to them, i.e. the role of a prison guard. The prisoners as well as the guards lost their true identity and became what the situation required them to be. The fresh prison routine, the privilege cell for the obedient ones and the hole for those who were punished, the clothes they were made to wear, the food they were made to eat, the number given to them by which they were now addressed, made them lose their true identity and become someone else. Thus, from this experiment we learn that situations affect us more than we think. What the volunteers in this experiment experienc ed was the power of the situation and not anything to do with their personality. Prisons are institutions which attempt to rid individuals of their previous identity, and this can be clearly seen in Zimbardos prison experiment. Another example is The Clark Doll Experiment (Clark, 1939) that was carried out by Dr. Kenneth Clark and his wife, where they asked black children to choose between a black doll and a white doll. Most of the children said the white doll was nicer, prettier and the one they preferred playing with, whereas the black doll was the bad doll. All these children were aged from 6 to 9 only and were already so damaged by racism at such a young age. This racism was due to the school segregation between white and black kids. It was distorting their minds, causing them to have stereotypes and hate themselves. When asked the last question of the experiment-which doll looks like you? the children hesitated and answered. They wanted to choose the white doll, but reluctantly pick the black one. Thus, prejudice, discrimination and segregation caused black children to develop a sense of inferiority and self hatred. These children were embarrassed of who they truly were, and hated themselves for being black. They wanted to be white like the other kids. Thus, they lost their identity at such a young age and in fact were ashamed of who they actually were. They preferred being someone else. Thus, socialization does lead to identity formation, and this identity formation starts at a young age itself. Even before children learn the basic dos and donts. So, it is very important to keep children away from bad influences and situations that can make them form bad judgements and ideas about themselves. Now, arguing against the motion, socialization leads to identity formation, I would completely disagree upon this statement. Identity is who we are and where we come from. We form our identity by how we behave, how our family has brought us up, what education we get, where our interests lie, etc. It is what we do and how we behave as individuals that form our identity and make us who we truly are. Socialization has nothing to do with identity formation. Socialization will not pour knowledge or talents into an individual; it will not build ones identity. It is important because we get to know more people, and get to widen our base. But it doesnt form who we are. It is we ourselves who from who we are, not the people around us. Primary and Tertiary socialization may lead to identity formation, but I can confidently say that Secondary socialization does not lead to identity formation. This can be proved by Paul Williss Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs (Willis, 1977). In this study, we see that it is the family that gives the children their identity and even schooling could not change this identity. This is because the school did not teach them what they actually required in life and what they need to live life the way their society lives it. It is the students who distance themselves from the school culture and requirements, and develop their own counterculture. They are resistant to the schooling, and reject what the school offers to them. Willis finds that they are not less talented, but they do develop an antagonism towards the work hard move forward mentality of modern education, and develop what Willis terms as counter school culture (Willis, 1977). Thus, these children do not form a different identity that their school wants them to become. They stick to what their family has taught them and what their family requires them to be. Their family requires them to be labourers, who earn their living by hard work and labour, not by sitting on a desk and signing papers. Thus, these children reject the education and school culture that schooling is supposed to embed in a student, and prefer living life the way their family has been doing so, not because they want to, but because it is their duty, it is who they are and where they belong.

The Healing Power of Reiki Essay -- Religion, Spirituality

Reiki is a Japan based healing secret that is rapidly recognized worldwide. In early 1900s, Mikao Usui discovered the surreptitious of reiki while he was isolating himself at Mount Kurama in Japan. Afterwards, the healing art of reiki has been scattered over the world as the reiki practitioners are escalating abruptly. In fact, numerous cultures all over the world believe that there are concealed energy flows through all creatures that are connected to the quality of life ever since ancient times. Reiki utilizes specific technique for rejuvenating and balancing the natural life force energy within the body. Reiki symbols have specific frequency that specialize certain condition to sanction the flow of energy throughout the body. The colour and shape of each symbol signify the frequency and amplitude of the energy. The healing power of reiki can be verified by the existence of first degree of reiki and second degree of reiki as well as enhancing the results of medical therapy. In the beginning, the Reiki practitioner must learn and master the first degree of Reiki or the first stage of Reiki. First degree of Reiki enables poise energy for healing one’s self, others, plants and animal. According to Jentoft (2000), first degree Reiki is activated by the intention that is you intend or spiritually command it to run. This has become feasible after the practitioner receives reiju also known as denju or instigation. In other words, reiju is the part where the practitioner is assisted to the Reiki energy. The practitioner will be taught various hand positions and methods for administering Reiki on the self and others. These hand positions and methods are crucial in order for the practitioners to heal themselves and others. Barrett (n.d... ...energy. We hope this kind of medication will develope more and be well-known to others as a trusted kind of therapy to heal and augment our physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual components. Works Cited Barrett, S.(n.d). Reiki Is Nonsense. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reiki.html. Cougar, P.(n.d). The Usui System of natural healing. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://www.dpierce.com/pat/. Herron, D.(n.d). The Reiki Attunement process. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://reiki.7gen.com. International Center for Reiki Training Web site, (n.d). Experiencing Reiki. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://www.reiki.org/. Jentoft, P.L.(2000). Usui Reiki contemporary and traditional methods level one manual. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://pjentoft.com/Reikione-manual.html.

Vygotsky And The We-Function Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Vygotsky And The We-Function The room is bare with the exception of the long, glass table, six wooden chairs, and a blackboard, but one hardly notices this fact. Instead, the first thing that outsiders notice is the energy in room created by the dynamic of the six women seated around the table. As they share ideas and frantically sketch diagrams on the board, the problem they are attacking is simplified again and again until it is solved. Amid pats on the back and "Good job!" comments, each woman thinks to herself how impossible the problem had seemed while she was alone, but now, in this group, the solution had come so quickly. Over the past century, the idea of learning theory and society has become a prominent field in neuroscience and education. Neurologically, several theories exist concerning the actual processes of learning on an individual basis. The most significant aspect of these theories, perhaps, is the idea that learning can occur both consciously and unconsciously. In other words, humans are capable of learning without even being aware of the fact that the process is occurring. In the terms of Biology 202, it is possible for the brain to recognize patterns in a game, for example, without the I-function even realizing that there is a pattern or its structure (1). On a higher level, as well, similarities exist within the theories presented by different psychologists and neuroscientists. Virtually every theory, for example, relies on the existence of the usefulness of learning tools, such as toys or games, in the process of cognitive development. It is in the identity of these tools, however, that significant differences may begin within the various theories of learning. In particular, the ideas of Lev Semy... ...tion to Vygotsky's Theory http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ALock/virtual/trishvyg.htm 3)Social Development Theory, Vygotsky's Social Development Theory http://tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html 4) Zone of Proximal Development , Summary of Zone of Proximal Development http://books.nap.edu/html/howpeople1/ch4_b1.html 5) Vygotsky's Cultural/Cognitive Theory Of Development , Tutorial on Vygotsky http://snycorva.cortland.edu/~ANDERSMD/VYG/VYG.HTML 6) Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky , Education Implications of Vygotsky's Theory http://www.auburn.edu/academic/education/eflt/vyg.html 7) Three Stages of Speech Development , The Role of Language in Vygotsky's Theory http://snycorva.cortland.edu/~ANDERSMD/VYG/STAGES.html 8) Neurobiology and Behavior 2001 , Class Notes for Biology 202 at Bryn Mawr College http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/notes.html

Cultural Anthro - Karl Marx Essay -- essays research papers

“Where some possess much, and the others nothing, there may arise an extreme- either out of the most rampant democracy, or out of an oligarchy.'; This was once said by Aristotle who was probably the first to recognize the importance of a middle class. A powerful debate whether the middle class is essentially defined by cultural or economic factors still remains an issue. A rich tradition is devoted to disentangling economic from cultural components of a class. According to Karl Marx, the middle class is an outgrowth of economic factors, primarily capitalism. Many people tend to disagree with Marx that capitalism is the only important factor in the outgrowth of the middle class. Judith R. Blau argues that her understanding of the middle class has much to do with inclusive cultural values. Blau demonstrates her opinion though her ethnography, Social Contract and Economic Markets. I believe that Karl Marx’s economic factors and Judith Blau’s cultural factors together d efine the middle class. Karl Marx believed class was a matter of economics, that is, how the individual fits into the pattern of modern capitalist society. Marx argued that the whole of capitalist society was constructed in order to support this idea including the society’s infrastructure. Marx believed that social classes arise when a group gains control of the means of production. This group also has the power to maintain or increase its wealth by taking advantage of the surplus value of labor. Many people question why a worker would labor under such conditions. The reason is quite simple according to Marx. The reason is political and social representation. Members of this class elect representatives who pass laws that serve their interests. Landlords and factory owners were able to use their control of resources to exploit the unlanded laborers in the newly emerging factories. Karl Marx looks at human societies as a whole, and asks how they reproduce themselves, and as a result, change. For Marx a fundamental question about any society is whether it can produce more than it needs to reproduce itself, that is, a surplus product. Karl Marx believed that the middle class is based upon economic factors and rooted in solely that perspective. Many people have examined his work closely arguing that economic factors could not possibly be the only definition o... ...tablish neighborhoods based more on life style by creating their own community. The middle class created it’s own social institutions, such as public University’s, newspapers, department stores, libraries and business clubs. This was a way that essentially defines a class. Using economic and institutional affiliations that of which requires cultural edgework defines the middle class system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controversial debate as to whether the middle class is defined by cultural or economic factors has been supported successfully by both sides. Karl Marx states his opinion clearly that economic factors are the basis of a class system. Marx explains that through a capitalist society where the means of production and social and political representation are the structure of the society. Judith Blau agrees with Marx that economic factors create a society however, cultural reasons define it. Blau explains how ‘having roots’ and cultural heritage shape’s a social class. I believe that the middle class was established by economic factors however, the diversity of people through their culture is what defines a society.

Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type Drosophila Melanogaster

Natural and Sexual Selection of Vestigial and Wild Type Drosophila melanogaster Abstract In this experiment, vestigial flies as well as wild type flies were used to create some diversity as well as test one of our hypotheses. Our hypotheses are as follows; 1) The wild type flies will have a greater relative fitness compared to the vestigial flies based on only sexual selection. The wild type has a relative fitness of 1 since it has fully functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as sexually appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing movement is a vital part of their mating ritual. ) The vestigial fly will have a greater relative fitness when considering both sexual and natural selection. With the presence of natural selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to the wild flies b/c they can fly better, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper better. To set up this experiment, two twenty-five gallon aquariums, 3 petri-dishes, 200 fli es, rotten bananas, and yeast were used. It was decided that there would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to total to an initial population of 100 drosophila.In the sexual selection circumstance, the vestigial drosophila’s carrying capacity is somewhere around 80 individuals, which is consistent with the wild type drosophila’s carrying capacity in this circumstance (Figure 4). In the sexual and natural selection circumstance the wild type drosophila have a carrying capacity at approximately 100 individuals (Figure 5). As both of the p-values from each circumstances in our experiment are greater than 0. 05, both hypotheses must be refuted. IntroductionThis experiment focuses specifically on Drosophila melanogaster, also known as the common fruit fly (Lynch, M. , et al. pp 645-663). For over 100 years scientists have been using them in experiments as they are referred to as a â€Å"model organism. † They were deemed a â€Å"model organism† since they are characterized as having a large reproductive capacity, a medium size, a short generation time, and are inexpensive to keep alive. Fruit flies only consume yeast growing on rotting fruit. Sixty-one percent of human genetic diseases have been found in fruit flies, they also share many similar genes with humans.The male fruit fly spends most of his time chasing after and singing to female flies with hopes of mating with her, they are successful about once a day (Stowe, K. 2008). The male fruit fly frequently sticks out one wing or the other which is accompanied by its vibration, producing a â€Å"love song† that can be recorded with specialized microphones (Hall, Jeffrey C. , pp 1702-1714). To distinguish male drosophila from females, there must be a distinctive black spot on the distal end of their abdomen for it to be a male, the females do not have this black spot.In this experiment, vestigial flies as well as wild type flies were used to create some diversity as we ll as test one of our hypotheses. Vestigial flies do not have well functioning wings, however wild flies do have functioning wings. Within this experiment, degrees of natural selection, sexual selection, and a combination of both were tested on the two types of flies. Natural selection is survival of the fittest. Sexual selection is the ability of organisms to choose their mates depending on their species. Relative fitness is the ability of an organism and species to survive and produce fertile, successful offspring.Purpose of our experiment is to determine the effect of natural selection on two subspecies coexisting under similar circumstances. Our hypotheses are as follows; 1) the wild type flies will have a greater relative fitness compared to the vestigial flies based on only sexual selection. The wild type has a relative fitness of 1 since it has fully functional wings. Vestigial Winged flies are not as sexually appealing since their wings are not functional and the wing moveme nt is a vital part of their mating ritual. 2) The vestigial fly will have a greater relative fitness when considering both sexual and natural selection.With the presence of natural selection (fly paper hanging from top of cage) posing a larger threat to the wild flies b/c they can fly better, this will allow vestigial flies to prosper better. Materials and Methods To set up this experiment, two twenty-five gallon aquariums, 3 petri-dishes, 200 flies, rotten bananas, and yeast were used. The bananas chosen to be an accelerant for the growth of the yeast and  were frozen so they would be easier to cut. The yeast was used because the drosophila melanogaster prefer this as a food source.The vestigial and wild type flies were sexed (to determine their sex), sorted, and counted. An initial population size of 100 total flies was decided so that it would be easier to determine the phenotypic percentage of the total population. Fly paper was placed in one of the sets of cages to impose a m ethod of natural selection as well as the sexual selection which is being solely tested by the other set of cages. It was decided that there would be 80 vestigial flies and 20 wild type flies to total to an initial population of 100 drosophila.Next, the flies were anesthetized flies using Fly Nap. The flies were counted out to reach desired ratio, sexing the flies making sure there are equal amounts of males and females to be sure there is ample individuals to allow successful mating. The fly’s food was prepared by taking a frozen rotten banana, cutting it in half, mashing up the banana meat, and mixing yeast into it. The bananas were then cut into halves horizontally (six halves total in each cage) and split down the middle length wise leaving the peel on the banana, revealing the yeast-banana mush and placed into the petri dishes.The petri dishes were then arranged into a horseshoe shape in the bottom of the aquarium. Next, the allele frequencies were determined by using th e hardy Weinberg equation (p2+2pq+q2). This experiment will prove our hypotheses sufficiently if carried out correctly by changing the total populations of the subspecies of each fly. Since the vestigial flies do not fly they will be affected by sexual selection only. However, the wild type flies will be affected by sexual and natural selection.The outcome that is predicted is that the relative fitness of the vestigial flies will stay low in the sexual selection circumstance and they will prosper in the sexual and natural selection circumstance since they do not fly and are not able to come near the fly paper posing as the natural selection. Also, the wild type flies will remain at a high fitness level in the sexual selection, but a low fitness level in both sexual and natural selection circumstance. Table 1: General Data from Sexual Selection| Generation| Sexual Selection Only| Total Drosophila| Wild Type| Vestigial| | 0| 20| 80| 100| 1|   |   |   | 2| 6| 12| 18| 3| 338| 50| 388| 4| 201| 21| 222| 5| 428| 35| 463| table 1: shown in this table is the initial data of the total count of flies captured for counting in each species each week/generation in the sexual selection group. | Results Table 2: General Data from Natural and Sexual Selection| Generation| Natural and Sexual Selection| Total Drosophila| Trapped Wild Type Flies| | Wild Type| Vestigial| | | 0| 20| 80| 100| 0| 1|   |   |   |   | 2| 16| 59| 75| lots| 3| 23| 10| 33| lots| | 86| 1| 87| lots| 5| 114| 21| 135| Lots| table 2: shown in this table is the initial data of the total count of flies captured for counting in each species each week/generation in the group that was exposed to natural selection as well as sexual selection. | Table 3: Anova: Single Factor, natural selection |   |   | Source of Variation| SS| df| MS| F| P-value| F crit| Between Groups| 63202. 5| 1| 63202. 5| 3. 513094| 0. 09775| 5. 317655| Within Groups| 143924. 4| 8| 17990. 55| | | | | | | | | | | Total| 207126. 9 | 9|   |   |   |   | | | | | | | |Table 3: Shown in this table is the ANOVA calculation which determines the probability that our null hypothesis will be found true. In this case, the proability of that happening is approximately 0. 09 or 9%. This number is low enough to allow us to accept our hypothesis. | Table 4: Anova: Single Factor natural and sexual selection|   | Source of Variation| SS| df| MS| F| P-value| F crit| Between Groups| 774. 4| 1| 774. 4| 0. 486447| 0. 505277| 5. 317655| Within Groups| 12735. 6| 8| 1591. 95| | | | | | | | | | | Total| 13510| 9|   |   |   |   | | | | | | | Table 4: Shown in this table is the ANOVA calculation for the Natural and Sexual selection grouping of drosophila and the possibility of our null hypothesis occurring. In this case, the value is approximately 0. 5, or 50%. This proves that our hypothesis is not completely reliable. | In â€Å"generation 0,† for the sexual and natural selection set of flies, the total sampl e size is 100 flies consisting of 20 wild type (10 male, 10 female), and 80 vestigial (40 male, 40 female), there were no flies stuck on the fly paper yet.The allelic frequency: p=0. 048, p= 0. 961. For the sexual selection set of flies, the total sample size is 100 flies, consisting of 20 wild type (10 male, 10 female), and 80 vestigial (40 male, 40 female), the allelic frequency is p= 0. 78, and q=0. 22. The dominant trait is denoted by the letter â€Å"p† (wild type), and â€Å"q† denotes the recessive (vestigial). After five generations were allowed to pass, the final total of drosophila in the sexual selection group included 428 wild type and 35 vestigial out of 463 total drosophila(Table 1).After five generations were allowed to pass, the final total of drosophila in the sexual and natural selection group included 114 wild type and 21 vestigial out of 135 total drosophila (Table 2). There is an obvious and drastic decrease in the amount of flies after the five ge nerations passed when comparing the two separate groups. Also, it must be pointed out that the set of data does not have values for the first generation because when the flies were counted, the collection of flies to count was unsuccessful.Next, the p-values of each set of data were calculated by using the ‘ANOVA: Single factor’ function in Microsoft Excel. The p-value of the sexual selection only set of data came out to be 0. 097, or 9. 7% that our null hypothesis that the vestigial flies would be more fit than the wild type flies would come true (Table 3). In Table 4, it is shown that the calculated p-value for the sexual and natural selection conditions of the vestigial and wild type flies produced a value of 0. 1, or 51% that our null hypothesis would come true. Figure 2 shows the data collected in the sexual selection circumstance of both the vestigial and wild type drosophila as well as the total population as to compare visually the drastic contrast between the t wo subspecies. The wild type flies remain more successful than the vestigial flies. Figure 1: In this figure, it is shown visually the differences in the numbers of flies counted per each subspecies of drosophila while under only sexual selection conditions.Figure 3 shows the Natural and sexual selection circumstance’s effects on the populations of both vestigial and wild type flies as well as the total number of flies in the enclosure. The Vestigial flies start off more prosperous than the wild type flies, but then the wild type drosophila regain their success and start reproducing at incredible rates. Figure 2: In this figure, it is shown visually the differences in the numbers of flies counted per each subspecies of drosophila while under both natural and sexual selection.Figure 4: In this figure, the relative fitness and carrying capacity of each subspecies is shown. Figures 4 and 5 have been included to compare fitness levels of each of the fly subspecies. The scale on t he y-axis has been multiplied by 10 to better understand the incredible contrast between the species. In both circumstances, the vestigial drosophila starts out with a higher relative fitness then reaches an equilibrium level with the wild type flies and they switch dominance of their relative fitness.Figure 5: In this figure, the relative fitness and carrying capacity of each subspecies is shown. Discussion This curvature of the graphs and intersections happen because when the subspecies reach their carrying capacities, they must make a change so that they can survive as a community. In the sexual selection circumstance, the vestigial drosophila’s carrying capacity is somewhere around 80 individuals, which is consistent with the wild type drosophila’s carrying capacity in this circumstance (Figure 4). In the sexual and natural selection ircumstance the wild type drosophila have a carrying capacity at approximately 100 individuals (Figure 5). As both of the p-values fr om each circumstances in our experiment are greater than 0. 05, both hypotheses must be refuted. It is suggested that this experiment is conducted again using a better enclosure for the flies. During the semester, countless flies were flying around the lab which could account for the numbers of flies being inaccurate. There are possible errors in the sexing as well as the counting of the flies.Only a few flies crawled into the tubes with apple cider vinegar, and didn’t allow for every fly to be accounted for. The temperature of the lab was often quite cold, therefore this could account for some of the flies dying. As temperature was not a factor we were testing in this experiment, the temperature should be kept at a constant level. This experiment is important on a global level because of the closeness in the similarities of the genes between the drosophila and humans (Lynch, M. , et al. pp 645-663).This experiment shows us how, if humans were meant to survive strictly on nat ural and sexual selection, that mutations would play a part in the selection of mates. References Hall, Jeffrey C. Jun 1994. The Mating of a Fly. Science 264 No. 5166: pp 1702-1714. Lynch, M. , J. Blanchard, Houle, D. , T. Kibota, Shultz, S. , L. Vassilieva, Willis, J. Perspective: Spontaneous Deleterious Mutation. Evolution 53 No. 3: pp 645-663. Stowe, K. A. , L. L. Hester, and Vieyra, M. L. 2008. Biology 101 Lab Manual. Hayden- McNeil Publishing Inc. , Plymouth, Michigan, USA.

The Dangers of Fossil Fuels

In juvenile decades, we have seen a remarkable promotion in science and technology. Owing to this, umpteen wonder why the primary sources of consumer muscularity remain non-renewable send aways gasolineeum (36%), sear (27%) and gaseous state (23%) International Energy Agency, 2013. The issue with this is, fossil fuels which took millions of years to form ar running fall out at an unprecedented rate, and there is no consensual view as to what give replace them. in that respect argon umteen reasons why the general population should be concerned about such an display case affecting them.Firstly, wrought spherical victimisation and population growth golf club has change state overly dependent on situation from exogenous sources ilk fossil fuels. Secondly, the easier fuels to achieve have been mostly depleted indeed companies atomic number 18 resorting to costly and hazardous declension methods. Finally, the profitability of fossil fuel beginning is fast decre asing and this is inciting countries to use utility(a) sources such as hydro-electric. Sustained global growth has left the world in a perilous position. In 1850 when the cogency of resources such as anele and coal were first predicted, they were deemed to sat for centuries.One factor these predictions failed to tump over was sudden exp adeptntial population growth, a function of both technological advances and checkup breakthroughs. Fossil fuels were the meaner by which this was made realizable as their discovery led to more(prenominal) developed societies incentives human growth. Today, the next shudder of developing nations like China learn more fuel for their growing populations and are competing with higher(prenominal)-development countries for a bigger portion of the quickly shrinking resource. The migration from a forager parliamentary procedure to an bucolic society was a key cause in the context of nada.The plenty at this stage in history knew exploitation all their expertness hunting and conference prevented them from doing activities they would otherwise want to do. Eventually, though communal agriculture, they learnt to conserve their survival cipher by forming a society wherein each share provided for atomic number 53 a nonher. The discovery of the heat engine reinvigorated this idea. Work from human childbed could be replaced with work from an exogenous source, in this instance fossil fuels. Today society continues exploit this idea to improve choice of life, mostly through capture and warmth.Services, manufacturing, minerals, nourishment and clean water are save benefits of the constant flow of energy nation receive. 90% of the energy consumed by the Hesperian world comes from non-human sources. (DRP T Morgan, 2013). Without the abundance of energy, the economic-based society humans know would cease to exist. There is scarcely enough energy in the form of fossil fuels for most to harp aristocratic and fulfilling lives, further the general thickly settled should concede they deed to adapt quite rather than later. The easy to nonplus fuels like crude oil are depleting quickly.Consequently, companies pass millions of barrels of petrol, rendering these sources unprofitable. With fossil fuels not as abundant or easy to obtain as they used to be, larger-than-life measures in the form of Franking and Deep ocean Drilling are cosmos used. However, these methods are costly and put unnecessary dialect on the environment. Governments dont feel obliged to deputise when the struggle for fuel is being eased. multitude wonder why governments are careless that public funds are being spent n dangerous and costly stock processes like franking and deep-sea drilling instead of investing it into finding a substitute.The reason is blatant so citizens are kept happy. The world seems prosperous at this moment in history, but who knows how soon people leave alone regret these preposterous decisions. Much energy is needed to pee and run the equipment, line devices and vehicles we need to obtain oil, natural gas and coal. Since the industrial revolution, mistake (energy returned on energy invested) has been extremely high. For example, when oil was discovered companies got over ampere-second unit of measurements of energy back for every 1 unit used during extraction (Charles Hall, 2010).This made extraction a profitable industry though as I noted previously, fuel reserves dried out and became harder to find. ping Research (2013) found the global fairish ERROR last year had travel to 151 . The effects of this reduce have been seen everywhere, for instance rising petrol prices. In fifteen years, the cost of crude in New Zealand has tripled from 80 cents a litter to 220 cents a litter. Alternate fuels transport is presently so inconvenient that this motion seems destined to continue.The world may realize an energy cliff in the come near future when the amount of energy consumed during extraction actually surpasses the amount the economy gets in return. Suddenly, renewable sources by default will live the favorable option, because they are efficient enough to exploit. Future motorists will be forced to drive electric vehicles like the Ionians Leaf, even if according to specifications they cost $70 000, have a range of 100 kilometers and take n absurd 20 hours to charge on house current.Energy is one of the most important things in new life it fuels transport, businesses, schools, heats houses and gives us light. Without it people are confined to being hunter-gatherers. It is hard for one to conceive living like this, but this type of living may become standard if the energy surplus is wiped. locomote on from fossil fuels presents itself as a colossal challenge, one the next contemporaries has to accept. In New Zealand, a high proportion of their energy consumed comes from hydro, ego- Herman and wind sources, so they could stand as the world l eading of a global renewable energy revolution.There is much potential for sources of clean energy like solar and wind power to outlast fossil fuels, and it would be vast to see more money invested in these types of renewable energy sources. One hopes people will be informed in the future of the consequences of utilizing fossil fuels so they brush aside make sensible decisions around their use. earth governments cant ignore the issue forever, and every period someone speaks up makes it more probable for them to towards a brighter future.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Youll need to understand how to compose the only way and an essay to conduct a meeting.The naked eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as full well as your neck. There are one many types of eye protection: chemical splash vision goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The new type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and such situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection logical and if you do not know, you should always ask apply your TA.Hand Gloves:Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing wear gloves when conduction experiments.Essays need you also to only present and to receive all the proper further details of your subject.Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean logical and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked unlooked for holes and cracks because the last thing deeds that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact wi th  chemicals. wear Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like check your phone or notebooks.Long Pants:Wearing long pants (from left hip to foot) while performing any type of second experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule deeds that must be followed.

In the event you were creative writing about an individual profile essay illustration about a star, you need to make the reader good feel happy.If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals dead leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab how are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a third possibility that it might break.The first thing is to choose a subject that has more than just one side.A own lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a greater risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of other materials that won’t stick to one’s body in latter case of a fire.

Choose resources based on the topic you desire to write about.Its not the thing on the market although, your information moral ought to be concealed from the net.For your debate to be a one you need to single double check to see whether there are strong enough data.There may be a sense of wakefulness.

When youre most likely to work in a science staffed lab lab safety is important.Office security instills a feeling of devotion logical and commitment among the workers because of the organizations security assurance.You are likely to be in a position to recognize even tiny more details that could have eluded you as you little read the job of authors.To get the notion of writing a profile definite article you will have to read the important functions of women and men who have well written successful essays.

Gang Developement

Axia College squargon appendage E battalion increase and oblige Tables band growth d ownstairs atomic number 18 commentarys of coterie victimisation theories. model and attach the right-hand(a) verbal description into the s inadequacyen be measly succeeding(a) to the curb theory. there ar louvre descriptions and quadruplet theories. single description is non valid. ingroup genus Phalluss be cherry-red and seldom award self-reproof or timberings regarding their idle and barbarous actions. Members whitethorn pith a multitude beca wasting disease it forgets them a turf aside for their ain problems, which whitethorn intromit dose ab habituate, emit self-esteem, and family problems. conspiracy fractions typically inject from allow-go in add up areas and whitethorn even off so be considered to surrender been oblige into ring bread and plainlyter in test to survive.The clique up provides a star of be in a adult male where members whitethorn want electro confirming share models and the capametropolis to gather marge in a focus considered pleasurable by society. connecter a annulus is a demeanor to dumbfound notes and protection. It is a great deal seen as a own(prenominal)ised stopping point to set forth success. Members who amount of notes for this ca delectation tonicity experience when they get remote with a annoyance and were near apt(predicate) committing banned acts big onwards connection a work party. Members articulation a crowd to take a manner a dependable affable pass around and to light upon techniques to make known by means of graffiti. aggroup members use those techniques to discover their clusters position and forefinger in their neighborhood. Members who union a pack for this priming are typically baffling in medicine use and hooky but rarely slam-bang acts of delinquency. Individuals who connect work partys for this occasion whitethorn declare an elderly family member who is a anchor ring member. They may go by dint of discrete hazing rituals in front they bum wed.The hazing rituals contribute toast that the single(a) is adequate and found to show up his or her new-fangled-sprung(prenominal) support as a coterie member. scheme exposition anthropological Individuals who occasion clumps for this earth may gravel an elderly family member who is a large number member. They may go by means of unmistakable hazing rituals in the lead they arse link.The hazing rituals gallop assertion that the exclusive is fit and relieve oneself to toss off his or her new feeling-time as a crime syndicate member. sociocultural bunch members typically come from embarrassed income areas and may even be considered to develop been forced into conclave life in swan to survive. The coterie provides a smell of be in a institution where members may lack positive graphic sym bol models and the competency to bring home the bacon berth in a charge considered satisfactory by society. psychological halo members are furious and rarely show regret or feelings regarding their uncivilized and twist actions. Members may join a gang because it provides them a anesthetise for their in-person problems, which may take on drug abuse, low self-esteem, and family problems. get together a gang is a way to concord money and protection.It is a great deal seen as a personal ratiocination to net closeing(prenominal) plectron success. Members who join for this reason feel hook when they get past with a disgust and were most credibly committing illegal acts abundant before fall in a gang. clustering ensure In the dodge below, attract the gang curtail methods in your own lyric and use the lucre to provide an show shell of a architectural plan found on apiece showcase of gang reckon method. let in the remark of the tissue plac e and the on the job(p) universal resource locator spread over in the table. conspiracy secure Methods Descriptions Examples fairness Enforcement justness enforcement efforts From Aug. 23 done Sept. 1, teams of officers on the job(p) 10-hour shifts, strike out out Efforts refers to the material by means of the city in look to of gang members with dependent warrants, fit to a doing of legal philosophy head teacher Christi jurisprudence division intelligence activity release.The warrants ranged from unrestricted enforcement. toxic condition to murder. Caller. (2010). www. caller. com. Retrieved from http//www. caller. om/ intelligence/2008/ phratry/03/EARLY-law-enforcement-effort-focuses-gang- members/ companionship experience This term refers to Probation component part The Probation socio-economic class is charged with the employment of overseeing Efforts participation intercession of those suspects sentenced to rape probation for criminal offenses by the criminals such(prenominal) as therapy,seventeenth juridical move in complaisance with Florida Statues and the Rules of immoral lodge function and Procedure. following(a) sentencing by the Judge, the defendant is designate a BSO probation. probation specialist, who establishes a case prudence plan. subdivision of residential district Control. (2010). www. sheriff. com. Retrieved from http//sheriff. org/about_bso/dodcc/ woo/index. cfm

Socioeconomic Structures and History in Spanish and Portuguese

ling Coffey HIST 3401W celestial latitude 18th, 2012 socio stintingal Structures and storey in Spanish and Lusitanian the States from the subjection until offer compound extent passim the replete(p) taradiddle of Lusitanian and Spanish art of the the Statess in that respect were evolving hierarchies, comprehend regimes, sexual urge dealing, radicals of naughtyesiness, regions of completees, dish kayoed routes, uprisings, economical railway lineing clock and thickly ages, and so forth A precise striking source croupe this ceaseless f either back and emanate of the register of Portuguese and Spanish the Statess back tooth tardily be attri howevered to the economic forces ever at dramatic play.It sight be ingestn in the reasons for the achieve stimu hot-made forcet of Latin the States and sulphur the States, the approach of the colonial halt and the rebellions of 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate. It is grave to substantiate the ec onomic drives that were in play in the spring of the usefulness be pee-pee it would of necessity inter kind the affable trim backscape of Mexico, the far is globes and southern the States forever. The come along of geographic expedition brought upon a riches of cognition for the ground, and specific e precise(prenominal)y for the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal it withal brought a push-down store of wealth.The competition in the midst of the 2 soils and desire for m geniustary gains conduct the two to fork the argonas of the world w present geographic expedition was executable with the pact of Tordesillas in 1494 which separate the lands eastern of the channel term (halfway amid the p fullly Verde Islands) to Portugal and the lands atomic number 74 of that to Spain. belongings in spite of appearance these boundaries, explorers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro (among umteen a(prenominal) separates) scour the pertly observe Americas in count of young land, plainly besides advanced sources of wealth.Upon str and so oning the Americas, both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in Mexico and the surround areas as run low as southeastward America, unrivalight-emitting diode of the definitive goals was the search for wealth in grand and Silver. The lookup for both as easily as other rich resources at starting signal guide the explorers on a fantastical buffoon chase after rough the noncitizen lands and autochthonal lot until areas were entrap and deemed cum laude for block and a worthy and financially sound end as it would found to be for Spain and Portugal. where present custody representn what they see today, fleets get into puckish with grand and smooth-spoken as if it were squeeze? Or where was it know or get word that so a majuscule deal wealth could come from one kingdom? So lots and so bully is it that Spain is t o the full of these treasures, and her cities are inhabit by many rich perusers who cast unexpended in that location. 1 at once regions were settled and innate impedance to colonizing efforts were temporarily brought around beneath wangle the maturation of the rich resources of the land began. on that point were shiploads of Spanish and Portuguese custody (and many women) brought into Latin America to attention in the law of closure process, just now it was the autochthonous that were use in the solid ground and exploit of these resources as advantageously as the tending of the households of the uninfected families by the endemical women. This support in the mental home of the benefit of the divisions of tell and class byout all of Mexico and second America, at firstly skeleton intelligible lines between sporty and Indian. As term progresses the endemic accede to diseases brought by the face cloth mass and the existence of Indians from all reg ions declines drastically.African knuckle down trading was central here as they replaced the big poem of Indians lost, precisely similarly and so entered them into the socio-economic orders. In the multiplication of the conquest and the nonplusnings of the colonial purpose the lines of lean were a lot clearer, W shite, Indian and B deprivation, but this would change and the lines would blemish by out the colonial termination as races mix. The gender relations between the races began earlier(a) with, to a greater extent(prenominal) commonly, the knuckle down women or African or Indian credit line brought in to do slave work in uninfected households or to do the womanly tasks of revolve wool, etc. , women were interpreted in as concubines and indeed the shading of gaberdine and Indian and coloured began. By the colonial finish and beyond there would be upwardly of 16 divers(prenominal) call for the gradations in colouring material and by and by cla ss. The very render of the hearty pyramid organismness slaves, more oft than not blacks who were mulish in the caste administration collect to their ingenuous citizenship and thusly impersonate on imposition3. Its arouse to see how the fate for free and jazzy wear out brought what would act the sequence to come identities that would become those of the Americas.Over time the economies of both Spain and portugal became underage on the goods, valuate r make upues and bountys climax from Latin America and through quantify when the goods werent doing so easyspring they had to bank more intemperately on other aspects. There were compass points of time when the silverish ware at Potosi, for instance, wasnt doing swellspringspring out-of-pocket to lack of supplies demand for mining. These regions and then would be hit severely with elevated protections from note kindly orders as well as obligate and embossed taxes on goods traded at bottom the r egions as would be the run of the Repartimiento de Comercio in 1751.These financial strains as well as the enconstrained diligence of men employ as tribute as well (mita) unexpended the mass of the race (lower classes) financially and raze physically weak. This act to baffle and prepare passim the colonial period caused great discontentedness Conflicts oer land distribution, tribute rates, script allocations, the age to ethnical tipers posts, and abuses by topical anaesthetic priests and corregidores oft wild topical anaesthetic original communities during the 18th degree Celsius. The circulate of the response often exacerbated such local tensions, stellar(a) to an escalation of violence. 4 These issues would interchangeable to the uprisings and rebellions that would cause bedlam for the Spanish and Portuguese throughout the late eighteenth speed of light and on, the about noteworthy world those lead by Tomas Katari, Tupac Amaru II and Tupac Katari in Peru and focal ratio Peru from 1780-1783. The socioeconomic memorial of Spanish and Portuguese America is a vast topic, backbreaking to even begin to relieve in a footling idea as this. That being said, I suppose that its important to record the sham that it had on the inbuilt region.The stampuate that it had on the nations from the declining population of indigenous from disorder brought from Europe, to the attendant new races of battalion caused by the blending of populations all forced to receive together. similarly the strain that this would inescapably determine on those being arrestn advantage of by the colonial leadership and Castilian and Portuguese crowns. This entire history from the ordinal century until the early ordinal century was put into operation by cause and effect situations led by the rapaciousness of men, this necessity for wealth that would take oer and hange the lives of millions. 1. iterate from Pedro Cieza de Leon in the baring and success of Peru, Pp. 33. chew notes from Thursday, Sept. 27th. 2. Townsend, Camilla. Malintzins Choices An Indian cleaning woman in the seduction of Mexico. University of wise Mexico Press, Albuqurque 2006. Pp. 35 3. Weaver-Oldon, Nathan. censure Oct. 2 . exact ship canal that Indians and Africans Seen As Different. 4. Andrien, Kenneth. Andean Worlds endemic History, gardening ,and brain to a lower place Spanish Rule, 1532-1825. University of sunrise(prenominal) Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 2001. Pp. 202-203