What You Have 2 Parotid Glands - 779 Words

You have 2 parotid glands. One is on each side of your face, in front of your ears. Parotid glands make spit (saliva). Sometimes, the parotid glands develop infections or growths (tumors) which can block the flow of saliva from the gland. This can cause swelling. Sometimes, tumors can get in the way of the facial nerve that passes through the parotid gland. In some of these cases, parotidectomy is necessary. Parotidectomy is surgery to remove all or part of a parotid gland. LET YOUR CAREGIVER KNOW ABOUT: †¢ Allergies to food or medicine. †¢ Medicines taken, including vitamins, herbs, eyedrops, over-the-counter medicines, and creams. †¢ Use of steroids (by mouth or creams). †¢ Previous problems with anesthetics or numbing medicines. †¢ History of bleeding problems or blood clots. †¢ Previous surgery. †¢ Other health problems, including diabetes and kidney problems. †¢ Possibility of pregnancy, if this applies. RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS Usually, problems do not develop after a parotidectomy. However, they can occur. Possibilities include: †¢ Infection. †¢ Bleeding. †¢ Scarring. †¢ Numbness or weakness in the face. If this does develop, it usually gets better in a few months. Permanent numbness or weakness is rare. †¢ Leaking saliva. It can collect in the wound area and leak through the surgical cut (incision). This can happen after the drain has been taken out. It can happen after the stitches are gone, too. It usually clears up on its own. †¢ Frey s syndrome.Show MoreRelatedThe Testing Of Salivary Biomarkers1986 Words   |  8 Pagessamples to their doctor or dentist to be tested for a variety of conditions which can be detected based on particular proteins or enzymes, et cetera. The hope is that these tests could lead to early disease detection and treatment. In this report, you will find the ways in which saliva can be gathered, as well as the known biomarkers for specific diseases, and the shortcomings and hopes for research in this field. Saliva Composition and Function: In this article, author Karthikeyan MurthykumarRead MoreAnatomy and Physiology: Practice Test 6279 Words   |  26 PagesA and P II Chapter 24 practice test 1. Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus? Answer: pharynx 2. The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is: Answer: ingestion 3. Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes: Answer: muscular inhibition and relaxation 4. Which of the following statements about peritonitis is false? Answer: It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosaRead MoreThe Digestive System Of Digestion Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdigestive system is what keeps you going from day to day because without the digestive system you wouldn’t be able to consume anything. You also wouldn’t be able to absorb the necessary nutrients you need for your body to keep functioning correctly. The organs that play a role in the digestive system is the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the anal canal. The mouth is where it all starts. Before you even take a bite ofRead MoreThe Digestive System : Homo Sapiens1631 Words   |  7 Pagesare used to chew, breaking down the food into smaller pieces. The tongue and salivary glands play a role during chewing as well. The tongue is an organ that helps to manipulate the food in the mouth. In the surface epithelium of the tongue are taste buds which allow for the identification of the chemical properties of food(sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami). The parotid gland secretes serous, sublingual gland secretes mucus and the submandibular secretes both serous and mucus. Together this solutionRead MoreVaccinations: Vaccine and Vaccines Health Center1291 Words   |  6 PagesParents have the right to not vaccinate their children? | GE217 | Ashley Starrett | Should parents have to right to say whether their child should be vaccinated or should it be automatically required? Many parents do vaccinate their children; however there are some that are against putting foreign substances in their child’s body. If parents choose not the have their child vaccinated then how do they go about getting them into school because most schools require students to have a numberRead MoreMobile Phone Use And Semen Quality870 Words   |  4 Pageshearing loss or even cancer from the electromagnetic field that cell phones give off. Hopefully with the research I present to you, you too will think twice about the next time you put your phone in your pocket. In the article, Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: A systemic review and meta analysis, specific concerns are presented; â€Å"Public concerns have been raised regarding the potentially harmful effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phonesRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Psychodynamic Approaches, Trait, Learning, Biological And Evolutionary, And Humanistic Approaches1279 Words   |  6 PagesPsychodynamic Approaches, Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to personality. Which approach to personality do you find the most compelling? Why?’ First, the approach to personality that I found most compelling was Biological and Evolutionary Approach. The reason I found this so compelling is because I can agree with what the approach means. â€Å"Biological and Evolutionary Approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality areRead MoreSarcoidosis Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesappear suddenly and disappear just as fast. It can also develop gradually and produce symptoms that come and go. No one yet, since it was first discovered over 100 years ago, knows what causes sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a common disease, but there are many unanswered questions about it. Identifying what causes the illness, along with the inflammatory mechanisms that set the stage for alveolitis, granuloma formation, and fibrosis that characterize the disease, is the main aim of theRead MoreTheoretical Framework in Nursing Process - Outcome Theories1356 Words   |  6 PagesTheoretical Framework for Nursing Practice – Module 7 A. Think back to the last time someone close to you became sick. Using Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation model: what would have been the focus of your assessment? How did the illness affect you and the rest of your family? Levine’s Conservation Model  is focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation. The model guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the organismicRead MoreHomeostasis: White Blood Cells4216 Words   |  17 Pagesconstant D) receiver 2.What is the normal pH value for body fluid? A) 7.15-7.25 * B) 7.35-7.45 C) 7.55- 7.65 D) 7.00-7.35 E) 6.5-7.5 3.An example of the urinary system working with the respiratory system to regulate blood pH would be A) When you hold your breath the kidneys will remove CO2 from your blood B) If you exercise a lot your urine will become more acidic * C) If you develop emphysema the kidneys will remove fewer bicarbonate ions from circulation D) If you hyperventilate the

Obesity Is A Medical Condition Essay - 1320 Words

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fast has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health and it usually does. Obesity leads to reduced life expectancy and increased health problems. Increased risk of heart disease, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, certain cancers and other chronic conditions are usually the problems that obesity may cause. Inactive lifestyle, poor environment, genes and family history, medicine, smoking and so on are factors which could cause obesity. In this research, early life risk for obesity, Lack of sleep, Lack of energy balance are the three main factors i would mainly explore in this research. Obesity could be held up in people’s early life. It is easy to see that many children nowadays are overweight. A result shows in a total of 8234 children attended a clinic at age 7. 5493 children who attended the clinic were obese. A further study shows that a increasing in birth weight was independently and linearly associated with increasing prevalence of obesity in young. Several studies have shown that the birth weights of populations continually increase over time. Mostly the increases are toward bigger babies. In a data collection in US, it is shown that up to one out of every five children in the US is obese, and most of them were obese when they were born. The number is continuing to rise. Infant feeding and weaning practice is another factor that cause early obesity. Researchers from OkayamaShow MoreRelatedObesity Is A Medical Condition1708 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1 Obesity is a medical condition where there is the accumulation of excess fat in the body such that the individual’s health is affected negatively resulting in an increase in health problems and a reduced life expectancy. The measurement of obesity is with the use of the BMI where the individual’s weight is divided by their height square, and this should not be above 30kg/m2. In the United States, obesity remains the one of the leading cause of death as it is associated with heart disease (CdcRead MoreObesity Is A Medical Condition2163 Words   |  9 Pagespublic in the topic of obesity has been rising because of recent examples like heart disease, stroke and some other chronic diseases that caused by obesity. Obesity is a medical condition which is defined as unusual or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. Obesity happens because of having too much body fat, and the formula to calculate the body mass index (BMI) is the square of a person’s height (in meters) divide his or her weight (in kilograms). Obesity is different from overweightRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Medical Condition1109 Words   |  5 Pages Childhood obesity is a medical condition that is found in children, teenagers and middle aged people. Everyone has a unique body shape and structure that is engineered right for them but sometimes the body will store more body fat than required. If an individual stores more fat than an average person is supposed to, then they can be categorized as obese. Childhood obesity can be identified seeing if the weight of a child is well above that of an average for a child s height and age. For anRead MoreObesity : A Serious Medical Condition876 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is a serious medical condition that requires treatment to lower the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. However, one in three people in the United States is clinically obese (Overweight and Obesity Statistics) and 10-25% of obese individuals are labeled metabolically healthy (Bluher). Obesity is clinically diagnosed with a body mass index (BMI) of a score of 30 or greater in reference to the total weight in people’s body compared to their height (Overweight and Obesity Statistics)Read MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Medical Condition2494 Words   |  10 PagesChildhood obesity is a medical condition in which affects children of all ages sometimes even into their adulthood. This condition occurs when a child is very well above the normal weight set for his or her age and height. One of the biggest troubles in the world is childhood obesity because the extra weight a child carries arou nd leads them down a path of a number of health issues that were once confined only to adults such as diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. It may also leadRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Becoming A Medical Condition863 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood Obesity Childhood Obesity is a well known issue in the United States. 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Overweight children are subjected to health issues such as diabetes, high bloodRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesMy enquiry question will identify the leading causes of childhood obesity in New Zealand. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents (Mayo Clinic, 2014). It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height (Mayo Clinic, 2014). This enquiry question will mainly focus on children who are obese in New Zealand. Through survey, The 2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey found that 1 in 9 c hildren aged 2–14 years were obese (11%),Read MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent adolescent obesity rates continue, predictions say by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding styles and fast food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects childrenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesatrocious disease like cancer nor is it learning or behavioral problems—it is obesity! The Mayo Clinic, a nonprofit organization committed to clinical practice, health education and research, defines child hood obesity as â€Å"a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents, that occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height† (Mayo). The Mayo Clinic goes on to say that childhood obesity is particularly troubling because it starts kids off on an early path

Pathophysiology and Management Advances †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Pathophysiology and Management Advances. Answer: Introduction: Primary care for chronic illness is very complicated as it is multifactorial in nature. The patients health may be affected by different factors. To provide high quality and safe care the nurse must consider the patient and associated clinical needs (Helgeson Zajdel, 2017). The essay deals with the case study of Philip, 67 years old male, with primary diagnosis of Parkinsons disease. The case study will be analysed to identify the two priorities of care. The aim of the essay is to develop comprehensive care plan for him applying the clinical reasoning cycle. It is the tool for nurses to develop the goal driven nursing care, considering the spiral of series of linked clinical encounters (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). It will help in prioritisation of care while integrating different aspects of the Philips clinical condition. Prioritisation and care plan involves use of clinical reasoning and decision making skills (Papastavrou, Andreou Efstathiou, 2014). To understand the patients health status it is necessary to consider the present situation (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). In the given case study, Philips 67-years old male is presented to the medical ward after losing balance and fall. After two weeks he was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. His symptoms were numbness in his hands and difficult speech. He feels everything is spinning around. Further, process may involve collection of cues and information from the patients health history, previous assessment and further assessment (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The patient history shows presence of high cholesterol. He has surgical history of Left knee arthoplasty. As a child he had tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The discharge history shows patient under variety of medication for Parkinsons disease. At the time of admission he had upper limb tremor that was more pronounced on right side. The patient experiences drooling, fatigue and sleepy episodes during the day time. The patients history also highlights the feelings of blue and fluctuations of mood, global bradykinesia, and increasing hypoponia. The cumulative effect of these may have manifested as difficulty in working with hot water or making tea. His occuputational history showed him as semi-retired worker. He worked part time at tea store. It may be associated with serious financial implications. His social life is poor. He is separated from his wife and his children do not support enough. It may be related to emotional issues if unaddressed. These conditions if untreated may lead to other comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, paralysis, chronic pulmonary disease and others (Lubomski et al., 2014). It is necessary to process this information, to prioritize the care. It involves use of critical thinking and relation of information to clinical knowledge (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). Philips fails to coordinate at work may be due to lack of dopamine. The loss of neurons and cells from the substantia nigra of the brain leads to decreased dopamine secretion. Dopamine is responsible for impairing the basal ganglia in low levels, thereby affecting movement and coordination of activity (Schulz-Schaeffer, 2015). Gait is the most telling signal of Parkinsons disease. In normal condition the patient can walk from head to toe but in Parkinson disease the patient does not lift the feet at all. As the gait shuffling becomes more pronounced, the patient suffers from fall. It is known as freezing of gait (Reichmann et al., 2016). Falls may be due to failure in sustaining the waking velocity as in normal condition for longer distances (Schulz-Schaeffer, 2015). Parkinsons disease results in deteriorating rhythm control, bilateral coordination of gait, Sleep scaling, gait symmetry, and decrease the dynamic postural control. It may be the rationale for motor symptoms, upper limb tremor, and bradykinesia and sleepy episodes. It is manifested as drooling, confusion, and dropping of equipments at work (Schulz-Schaeffer, 2015). Fatigue presented by Philips is the insidious symptom of Parkinsons disease. It is also known as Parkinsons apathy where the individual fails to initiate projects or follow complex interactions and have short term memory loss. Even simple daily life activities like walking, results in energy drain, causing fatigue (Serrano-Dueas et al., 2018). The pathophysiology is however not very clear. The absence of dopamine in the Parkinsons prevents protection of cochlea and result in hearing loss (Lai et al., 2014). Philips is thus experiencing increasing hypoponia. The slurred speech in Philips may be due to dysarthria that is impairment of muscles required for speaking. It may have caused by hypoponia that result in weakening of muscles and weak voice (Rusz et al., 2015). Parkinsons has profound impact on the emotional and the psychological wellbeing. The out of proportion emotional reactions in Philips may be due to biochemical changes wrought by the disease. Depression and denial of the reality of the situation are the adverse outcomes. It in turn starts a chain of reaction that manifests as spiral effect. Starting with sleep disorder, to concentration issues, the apathy increases (Reichmann et al., 2016). Therefore, the mood swings in Philips may be the cause of cumulative effect of emotional impact as well as motor function decline. Depression also causes the memory impairment and slow response (Schrag et al., 2015). High cholesterol in the patient is risk factor for hypertension and other comorbidities (Mark Somers, 2016). In order to prioritise the care the main health issues of the client must be identified. Based on the above analysis and from the synthesis of fact, it can be concluded that the main health issues are impaired physical mobility and speech and hearing impairment. The other symptoms such as gait, balance, tremors, fatigue, slow response are all interrelated to this main health issues. Sequentially, it is hampering the activities of daily life of Philips as well as social life. Interventions are required to minimise the risk associated with these health issues. The main risks associated this health issue is risk of injury (Lubomski, Rushworth Tisch, 2014). Addressing these issues will help Philip manage his daily life activities. Therefore, the nursing care priorities applying the clinical reasoning for Philips are- 1 improvement in functional mobility within the limitations of disease and 2 prevent risk of injury. Hence, to fulfil the two priorities of care comprehensive nursing care plan will be developed based on evidence. An action plan is required to fulfil the priorities of care to yield positive health outcomes (Dalton et al., 2015). The action plan for maintaining functional mobility and reducing the complications may involve patient education on safe techniques of movement. For instance, rocking from sideways may help in leg movement. Bradykinesia and tremors may increase difficulty in getting out of chair. The patient may be instructed to move to edge of seat, take arm support followed by standing position (via rocking). To decrease muscle rigidity, the patient may be provided with warm bath and messages (Van der Eijk et al., 2013). To prevent the risk of injury it is necessary to assess ambulation and movement to plan appropriate patient centered interventions. During ambulation, the patient may be recommended to swing arms and lift heels. It will assist in gait and prevent falls (Van der Eijk et al., 2013).The patient may be instructed to maintain an upright posture to maintain functional mobi lity. Philips may be requested to look up while walking. It will prohibit the patient to have the stoped posture and prevent collision with objects while walking. In order to improve balance, a wide base gait may be instructed (Tomlinson et al., 2012). To prevent injury, patient education may involve teaching Philips to turn in wide arcs. It will prevent crossing of legs over one another and falls. Further, teach range of motion exercises. The patient may be referred to physical therapist for safe exercise program. Philips will be trained to use facial muscle for exercises for effective communication of needs. He may be assisted to perform daily stretching activities. This intervention is effective in improving strength, flexibility and balance (Van der Eijk et al., 2013). The patient may be educated to undertake rehab services instead of staying at house. To integrate the Philips needs the patient may be monitored for non verbal messages and ensure calm and relaxed communication as speech and hearing is weakened. Positive body language and soft tone of voice will be used communicate care needs and prevent Philipss anxiety (Gulanick Myers, 2013). The patient will be educated to talk slowly in short phrases and provide him with hea ring aid, for addressing care needs (Van der Eijk et al., 2013). Pharmaceutical interventions may include use of dopamine agonists or levadopa for motor symptoms. Cholinesterase inhibitors may improve depression (Connolly Lang, 2014). Evaluating the nursing action plan is mandatory to ensure effectiveness of interventions and modify in case of adverse outcomes (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The evaluation may involve ensuring that home environment is free of barriers. The patient must be safe from environmental hazards. Philips to be monitored during exercises for adherence to guidelines. He will be monitored for speech and hearing cooping. Assess about knowledge of potential hazards and its elimination. Client will be assessd to show willingness to join rehabilitation service. On reflection it appears that the patient may have challenges in adhering to treatment. The patient may be evaluated for anxiety and aggression during treatment. He may be referred to cognitive behavioural therapist for controlling irrational thoughts and behaviours. It will also reduce depression (Troeung, Egan Gasson, 2014). In conclusion, the essay helped to understand the process of prioritising the care for chronic illness, applying the clinical reasoning cycle. It is an effective method to rationalise the illness symptoms and identify the main health issue. In case of Philips, the mobility impairment and weak speech and hearing are the main health issues. Both increases risk of fall and injury. Therefore, nursing interventions are developed for maintaining functional mobility and reducing risk of injury. The interventions are based on evidence and will yield positive health outcomes. References Connolly, B. S., Lang, A. E. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review.Jama,311(16), 1670-1683. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Gulanick, M., Myers, J. L. (2013).Nursing Care Plans-E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Helgeson, V. S., Zajdel, M. (2017). Adjusting to chronic health conditions.Annual review of psychology,68, 545-571. Lai, S. W., Liao, K. F., Lin, C. L., Lin, C. C., Sung, F. C. (2014). Hearing loss may be a non?motor feature of Parkinson's disease in older people in Taiwan.European journal of neurology,21(5), 752-757. Lubomski, M., Rushworth, R. L., Tisch, S. (2014). Hospitalisation and comorbidities in Parkinson's disease: a large Australian retrospective study.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, jnnp-2014. Mark, A. L., Somers, V. K. (2016). Obesity, hypoxemia, and hypertension: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.Hypertension,68(1), 24-26. Papastavrou, E., Andreou, P., Efstathiou, G. (2014). Rationing of nursing care and nursepatient outcomes: a systematic review of quantitative studies.The International journal of health planning and management,29(1), 3-25. Reichmann, H., Brandt, M. D., Klingelhoefer, L. (2016). The nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and management advances.Current opinion in neurology,29(4), 467-473. Rusz, J., Bonnet, C., Klemp?, J., Tykalov, T., Baborov, E., Novotn, M., ... R?Ã… ¾i?ka, E. (2015). Speech disorders reflect differing pathophysiology in Parkinsons disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy.Journal of neurology,262(4), 992-1001. Schrag, A., Horsfall, L., Walters, K., Noyce, A., Petersen, I. (2015). Prediagnostic presentations of Parkinson's disease in primary care: a case-control study.The Lancet Neurology,14(1), 57-64. Schulz-Schaeffer, W. J. (2015). Is cell death primary or secondary in the pathophysiology of idiopathic Parkinsons disease?.Biomolecules,5(3), 1467-1479. Serrano-Dueas, M., Bravo, R., Merchn, T., Serrano, M. (2018). Fatigue in Parkinsons disease: Metric properties of the fatigue impact scale for daily use (D-FIS), and its impact on quality of life.Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. Tomlinson, C. L., Patel, S., Meek, C., Herd, C. P., Clarke, C. E., Stowe, R., ... Ives, N. (2012). Physiotherapy intervention in Parkinsons disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.Bmj,345, e5004. Troeung, L., Egan, S. J., Gasson, N. (2014). A waitlist-controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety in Parkinsons disease.BMC psychiatry,14(1), 19. Van der Eijk, M., Nijhuis, F. A., Faber, M. J., Bloem, B. R. (2013). Moving from physician-centered care towards patient-centered care for Parkinson's disease patients.Parkinsonism related disorders,19(11), 923-927.

PhysioEx 9.0 Exercise free essay sample

3. The filtrate flows from the Bowmans capsule into the renal tubule called the proximal convoluted tubule then into the loop of Henle, and finally into the distal convoluted tubule: a. Proximal Convoluted Tubule b. Loop of Henle c. Distal Convoluted Tubule 4. When the radius of the afferent arteriole was decreased, the pressure and the filtration rate both decreased. 5. When the radius of the afferent arteriole was increased, the pressure and the filtration rate both increased. 6. When the radius of the efferent arteriole was decreased, the pressure and the filtration rate both increased. 7. When the radius of the efferent arteriole was increased, the pressure and the filtration rate both decreased. Activity 2: 1. When you increase the blood pressure, the glomerular capillary pressure and the glomerular filtration rate will also increase. 2. As the pressure increased, the urine volume increased proportionally. 3. Increased blood pressure can be a result of increased blood volume. For this reason, an increase in urine volume would stabilize blood volume. We will write a custom essay sample on PhysioEx 9.0 Exercise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. If you close the one way valve, pressure will increase in the Bowmans capsule and filtration rate will decrease. 5. With increased pressure and the valve closed, the filtration rate decreased but the glomerular pressure stayed the same. Urine output was zero. Activity 3: 1. Both increasing the afferent arteriole radius and decreasing the efferent arteriole resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate. 2. When both arteriole radii changes were implemented, glomerular filtration rate and pressure rose above baseline values. 3. Increasing the afferent radius or decreasing the efferent radius would compensate for lowered blood pressure. 4. Increasing the afferent radius had a greater effect than decreasing the efferent radius because there was a greater increase in glomerular pressure. 5. Intrinsic extrinsic mechanisms result in changes to the afferent efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration rate. Activity 4: 1. When the solute concentration gradient in the interstitial space was increased, the urine volume decreased. 2. When the solute concentration gradient in the interstitial space was increased, the concentration of the urine increased. 3. The urine volume will increase in the absence of ADH in the collecting duct. 4. Most of the tubular filtrate is reabsorbed to prevent fluid loss and maintain homeostasis. 5. Yes, the reabsorption of solutes affects water reabsorption because water will follow the solutes by osmosis. Activity 5: 1. As glucose carriers were added, the glucose concentration in the bladder increased. 2. Glucose is first reabsorbed by secondary active transport at the apical membrane of PCT cells and then via facilitated diffusion along the basolateral membrane. 3. When the number of glucose carriers becomes great enough, all of the glucose is reabsorbed. 4. The absence of insulin or decreased sensitivity to the hormone, leads to excess glucose in the blood so the carriers reach their maximum transport levels. Activity 6: 1. When aldosterone was added, the urine volume slightly decreased. Aldosterone results in increased sodium and water reabsorption and increased potassium secretion. 2. When ADH was added, the urine volume dramatically decreased. The addition of ADH resulted in the potassium being more concentrated because the volume of urine decreased. 3. Aldosterone release (from adrenal cortex) is stimulated by decreased blood pressure and the need to reabsorb sodium. 4. The addition of BOTH aldosterone and ADH caused urine volume to decrease. 5. Aldosterone release (from the posterior pituitary gland) is stimulated by decreased blood pressure and the need to reabsorb water into the blood to increase blood pressure. ADH favors the formation of concentrated urine – ADH causes an increase of water permeability in DCTs collecting ducts. 6. ADH has the greater effect on urine volume. ADH is responsible for fluid retention. Aldosterone is primarily increasing sodium uptake and potassium secretion. 7. No, the urine concentration will NOT vary in the absence of ADH. 8. In order to reabsorb sodium without affecting urine volume, you would need to increase the amount of aldosterone and decrease ADH.