History of the Malaysian Constitution Essay

The establishment of the Constitution of Malaysia was laid on 10 September 1877. It started with the main gathering of the Council of State in Perak, where the British initially began to affirm their impact in the Malay states. Under the particulars of the Pangkor Engagement of 1874 between the Sultan of Perak and the British, the Sultan was obliged to acknowledge a British Resident. Hugh Low, the second British Resident, persuaded the Sultan to set up warning Council of State, the precursor of the state administrative get together. Comparative Councils were established in the other Malay states as and when they went under British assurance. Initially assuming a warning job, the capacity of the gathering was later reached out to incorporate both administrative and official capacities. This proceeded until 1948 when the Federation of Malaya was framed by two understandings, to be specific the State Agreement and the Federation of Malaya Agreement. The State Agreement was of extraordinary centrality to Malaysia’s protected turn of events. By goodness of this understanding, the Malay Rulers with the guidance and simultaneousness of the customary boss and older folks of the states declared their individual State Constitutions aside from Johor and Terengganu where Constitutions had just been set up since 1895 and 1911 separately. The Rulers were likewise required to recognize the administrative force in their particular states from the official force, by comprising an authoritative body, called the Council of State and State Executive Council whose counsel he was required to acquired. The Federation of Malaya Agreement that filled in as the center for the current bureaucratic arrangement of focal government was finished up as a trade off to the much-restricted Malayan Union. The Federation comprised of the Federated Malay States (FMS), the Unfederated Malay States and the Straits Settlements of Penang and Melaka. The FMS comprised of Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan while the non-FMS were Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor. The national government contained the High Commissioner, an Executive Council and Legislative Council. The understanding likewise accommodated a Conference of Rulers with its own chosen executive. Every one of the states had its own Executive Council and Council of States to manage all issues not explicitly saved to the Federation. The Federal Government was answerable for safeguard, the police, and the railroads, work, broadcasting, post and money. This 1948 Constitution stayed in power with some basic revisions, until 1957 when the Federation of Malaya picked up its ndependence. An established meeting was held in London from 18 January to 6 February 1956 when the British guaranteed Independence and self-government to the Federation of Malaya. It was gone to by a designation from the Federation of Malaya, comprising of four delegates of the Malay Rulers, the Chief Minister of the Federation (Tunku Abdul Rahman) and three different pastors, and furthermore by the British High Commissioner in Malaya and his counsels. 1] The meeting proposed the arrangement of a commission to devise a constitution for a completely self-overseeing and autonomous Federation of Malaya. [2] This proposition was acknowledged by Queen Elizabeth II and the Malay Rulers. Appropriately, according to such understanding, the Reid Commission, comprising of established specialists from individual Commonwealth nations and headed by Lord William Reid, a recognized Lord-of-Appeal-in-Ordinary, was delegated to make proposals for a reasonable constitution. The report of the Commission was finished on 11 February 1957. The report was then analyzed by a working gathering selected by the British Government, the Conference of Rulers and the Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Federal Constitution was instituted based on its proposals. [4] The Constitution came into power on 27 August 1957 yet formal freedom was just accomplished on 31 August be that as it may. The protected hardware conceived to bring the new constitution into power comprised of: In the United Kingdom, the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, along with the Orders in Council made under it. The Federation of Malaya Independence Act, 1957 passed by the British Parliament gave parliamentary endorsement to Her Britannic Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to end her sway and purview in regard of the Straits Settlements of Melaka and Penang and all forces and locale in regard of the Malay States or the Federation in general. The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957, made on 5 August 1957 between the British High Commissioner for the benefit of Queen Elizabeth II and the Malay Rulers. The Agreement contained the new Constitution of the Federation of Malaya (and the new constitutions of Penang and Melaka). In the Federation, the Federal Constitution Ordinance 1957, passed on 27 August 1957 by the Federal Legislative Council of the Federation of Malaya shaped under the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948. The new constitutions of the Federation just as Penang and Melaka were given the power of law by the Ordinance. In every one of the Malay states, State Enactments, and in Melaka and Penang, goals of the State Legislatures, supporting and giving power of law to the government constitution. The Federal Constitution was fundamentally revised when Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the Federation to frame Malaysia in 1963.

Management By Objectives :: Business Management Studies

The board By Objectives MBO Principles: * Cascading of authoritative objectives and goals. * Specific destinations for every part. * Participative dynamic. * Explicit timeframe. * Performance assessment and input. Sorts of goals: * Routine destinations. * Innovation destinations. * Improvement destinations. The goal must be: o Focused on an outcome, not a movement. o Consistent. o Specific. o Measurable. o Related to time. o Attainable. MBO methodology has three fundamental parts: 1. All people inside an association are relegated an uncommon set of targets that they attempt to reach during an ordinary working enough said. These goals are commonly set and settled upon by people and their supervisors. 2. Execution audits are directed intermittently to decide how close people are to accomplishing their targets. 3. Prizes are given to people based on how close they come to arriving at their objectives. MBO has six phases: 1. Characterize corporate targets at wide level. 2. Examine the executives undertakings and devise formal occupation determinations, which assign duties and choices to person directors. 3. Set execution measures. 4. Concur and set explicit destinations. 5. Adjust singular focuses to corporate goals. 6. Build up an administration data framework to screen accomplishments against targets. The 8 key outcome territories where supervisors must seek after clear targets are: Â · Marketing. Â · Innovation. Â · Human association. Â · Financial assets. Â · Physical assets. Â · Productivity. Â · Social duty. Â · Profit prerequisite. MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages: Points of interest o MBO programs persistently stress what ought to be done in an association to accomplish hierarchical objectives. o MBO process ties down representative promise to achieving authoritative objectives. Disservices o The advancement of targets can be tedious, leaving both supervisors and representatives less time in which to accomplish their real work. o The expand composed objectives, cautious correspondence of objectives, and point by point execution assessment required in a MBO program increment the volume of desk work in an association. Overseeing for Results: The Eight Perceptions: Â · Resources and results exist outside, not inside, the business.

Need Help Writing an Essay? You Have Options!

Need Help Writing an Essay? You Have Options!If you're struggling with how to write an essay on a subject that you don't understand or have no experience in, then maybe it's time to seek out some advice. Many people have the problem of not being able to articulate their thoughts, and this is why they often seek out help writing an essay. It's usually the result of a problem in the grammar of the essay or poor understanding of the information that needs to be included in the essay.Assessing your knowledge about the topic will go a long way to making the writing of the essay much easier to do, and much less daunting. All too often people let themselves off the hook because they think they have no idea what they're talking about, and this can lead to a hard-to-follow essay. After all, if they haven't had any experience with it, how can they help themselves?Perhaps you've had a teacher or maybe even a friend who helped you out when you were trying to write an essay, and you can put this to use. Try doing a search for essays written by others and see how many come up. You'll find that most of these people are former students of yours. Maybe you can ask them for help.Of course, this won't be the same as asking for help with grammar and spelling, since it's unlikely that you would have a teacher or even friends who could really help you with your essay. This means that you'll need to find some writing groups, such as an online or virtual one. These groups can get you lots of practice in an area that you might otherwise have trouble with.When you're in a larger community of writers, you'll have access to someone that works with the community and helps other members to improve their writing skills and vocabulary. A great place to look for these sorts of groups is on the internet. Just Google 'help writing an essay' and see what comes up.Besides this, there are plenty of books and articles about essay writing that you can get for free or cheaply online. You might want to start by going to a site where you can read sample essays and see what sort of topics you're interested in writing about. Then start looking for groups that you're interested in joining.Many of these sites encourage you to go ahead and pay a small fee to join them, so try and check with those before you get too far. If you're on a tight budget, that can help too. By reading the sample essays and looking at the forums, you may just find a great online writing group that suits your needs.Even if you've had problems with writing an essay before, it's unlikely that you'll find yourself dealing with this problem again in the right area. There are many resources available for those who need help writing an essay. So take the first step and seek out help from others who know what they're doing.

Justice Scali Hernandez V. Mesa - 1021 Words

Justice Scalia: Hernandez v. Mesa Antonin Scalia was born on March 11, 1936, in Trenton, New Jersey. He received his A.B. from Georgetown University and the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. Following his graduation, Scalia attended Harvard Law School and received his L.L.B. After law school, Scalia spent six years from 1961-1967 at a private firm in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1967, Scalia began serving as a Professor of Law at the University of Virginia, and taught there until 1971. Between 1971 and 1977, Scalia served the federal government in several capacities, such as: General Counsel of the Office of Telecommunications Policy, Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States, and Assistant Attorney General for the†¦show more content†¦Border Patrol Agent Jesus Mesa arrived on the scene and detained one of Hernandez’s friends at the U.S. border. Hernandez fled to the Mexican side of the river and hid behind a pillar of a nearby bride. Mesa, while standing on the U.S side of the borde r, shot and killed Sergio Hernandez. Six months after Hernandez’s death, Mesa was sued in Texas’ federal district court by Hernandez’s parents. The suit claimed Mesa violated the Fourth and Fifth amendments of the U.S. Constitution by using deadly force. Mesa’s defense moved to dismiss and argued that Hernandez lacked constitutional protection because he was an illegal alien, standing in Mexico when he was killed. The district court determined through a formalist test that the Constitution’s deadly-force protection does not stretch across the border for non-citizens. Upon this decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part and held that the Fifth Amendment protections against deadly force applied but not the Fourth Amendment protections. Furthermore, the court of appeals also held that Mesa was not eligible for qualified immunity. According to ScotusBlog, the Supreme Court Justices are inclined to look at three major questions when reviewing this case. (1) Whether a formalist or functionalist analysis governs the extraterritorial application of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on unjustified deadly

A Interview With A Nurse At 205 Wild Basin Rd Suite 2b Austin

On Wednesday October 14th at 2:00pm I interviewed Genevieve Schaefer, a Certified Professional Midwife (CPM) and licensed midwife, in her office at 205 Wild Basin Rd Suite 2B Austin TX 78746. Genevieve is the business owner of Sister’s Midwife, a homebirth midwifery practice in Central Texas. Sister’s Midwife is located in central Austin at 205 Wild Basin Rd Suite 2B Austin TX 78746 and far South Austin at BeneVida Health Wellness Center 4100 Everett, Suite 200 Kyle, TX 78640. To find a midwife, I simply typed â€Å"midwifes in Austin† on Google and found several midwife centers online and I decided to email five of them, hoping for at least one of them to contact me back. I asked individual midwifes if they were interested in doing an†¦show more content†¦Even though I am not yet sure which program suits me best, since I’m also interested in doing a certified nursing midwife program, the information she gave me about CPM is quite similar, with only a few differences. The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not keep track of the data for CPM’s but according to the Midwifery Education Accreditation Council (MEAC), most CPM’s have a private practice, so their income is mostly based on the number of births that they attend, where they can charge anywhere from $2000-$4000 per birth depending on the location. The MEAC also mentions that your salary can depend on your location, how well you know your community, and how well you advertise your company. According to salarygenius.com the average starting wage for a certified professional midwife (CPM) is about $64,000 annually. The wages after a few years are expected to increase after you gain some experience and you can earn up to about $78,200. Finally, the top wages after several years on the job is about $92,000. One of the reasons it may be hard to get exact wages by geographic location might be because currently, CPM’s are legalized to practice in 28 states. In which case I would c hoose to work in places where it was legal and luckily, Texas is one of them. If I were to stay in Austin, TX, according to salarygenius.com, I could earn an average of $105,045. My other option in Texas would be my hometown in El Paso where I could potentially earn an average of $50,058.

Ban Banning Tobacco Companies From Advertising Their...

I had heard that some countries were trying to make their people to smoke less every year, first started with the ban on tobacco, but this apparently didn’t work out, so , now they are trying to make face to this problem by increasing taxes. On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective of such a ban was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. This decision seemed to have sparked an intense debate, not just over the ethical aspects of Government s moral policing but also over the achievability of the objective itself. Reacting strongly against the proposed ban, Suhel Seth, CEO, Equus Advertising said, The ban does not have teeth. It is a typical knee-jerk reaction by any Government to create some kind of popularity for itself. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. It was estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. There was an increasing fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people to begin experimenting with tobacco products, and in this way initiate regular smoking, as thisShow MoreRelatedBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . 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Due to its increasing effect in deteriorating health and death tolls on humans, it has become the main concern for many governments and forced them to act and take measures to minimize the damage caused by tobacco products. One typical example of these authorities is the Indian government. For this session of written assignment, I will analyze a case study of ban on tobacco Ads by Indian government. ByRead MoreThe Ban On Tobacco Advertising987 Words   |  4 PagesOn Feb 6, 2001, Government of India announced a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. Summarize the arguments for the ban on tobacco advertising in India. 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System Analysis Sustainable Innovation

Question: Discuss about the System Analysis for Sustainable Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Stakeholder refers to an individual who has something to lose or gain in regards to the outcomes of the planning process of a project. Therefore, stakeholders engagement can be perceived as the effectively eliciting of stakeholders views in relation to the organization program or project. Hence, this means stakeholder mapping analysis could be perceived as a systematic process of gathering and analysis of the qualitative information which determines the interest that should be taken into account when trying to and implementing a certain program (Cho, 2007). Therefore, stakeholders characteristics include knowledge of policy, interest that could be related to policy, positioning against potential alliances, policy with stakeholders and the ability to affect the process of policy. Considering our scenario, we have to consider certain steps in mapping the stakeholders they are; planning process, selection and definition of policy, identification of primary stakeholders, collection and recording of information, analyzing the stakeholders table and using the information available. Therefore, the achievement as a result of stakeholders analysis develops useful and accurate data in regards to our healthcare reform aim. The information available could be used to provide input in other analyses such as the developmental action plans to increase support of the guide or reform policy participation (Singh et al, 2013). Therefore, in defining the purpose according to our case scenario first we need to understand the problem. In regards to our scenario the actual issue being perceived is that patients are complaining that they require testing instruments which could enhance their self health assessment. Hence, the actual issue here is that users perceive that remote monitoring tends to of significance because the vital signs tend to be transferred daily to the monitoring services, and in case a problem arises the service provider is notified (In Talen In Valeras, 2013). But, the main issue here is that the users are in need of better feedback in regards to their health conditions, and reduce their reliance on medical staff intervening, as well as attaining confidence in regards to understanding their situation and management of care. Therefore, to effectively implement or solve this situation the stakeholders mapping will be used in our scenario. In identification of stakeholders, there are different ways to identify stakeholders each having its risks and advantage. Hence, the analysis process should be able to realize the risks of the missing keys of stakeholders and the works that avoid these risks (Martin et al, 2010). Perhaps, we could first outline our stakeholders map in 4 quadrants with stakeholders such as internal operation, internal executives, external operations and external executives. As for the internal operators their main role is consider the internal variables that could be assessed in regards to operations being done by the firm. For the external operators they consider the external variables that could be assessed in regards to operation being done by the firm. Thirdly, the internal executives work on identifying the key variables that affect the capability of executives in the internal environment from performing or enhancement of the proposed program. On the other hand, external executives deal with variables that affect the capability in the external environment from or hinder the accomplishment of the set program. Therefore, we could term all these stakeholders to be responsible in the management and implementation of the set out strategy of providing independence to patient self healthcare assessment. The set of questions that are designed to reveal the stakes as well as assist in identification of the right people to involve in our situation will be: Who do you perceive will be affected either positively or negatively in regards to what you are proposing to do? Who tends to hold the relevant official position in regards to your participation of the proposal? Who runs the proposed program with relevant interest? Have you ever proposed or thought of a similar situation in the past? Whose name in regards to stakeholders pops up in your mind when you are discussing this subject of the laid out proposal? Below will be a list of the internal and external stakeholders in regards to the health department in our scenario: Internal stakeholders External stakeholders Trustees Research scientist Procurement Director of nursing Director of the public health Head of the health intelligence Communication Board committee members Public health managers Director of programs and services Providers Acute trust Service users Patients Funders Link group Health visitors/ nurses in school Media Special interest groups If one works in a commission rather than an organization that offers services, organizations such as in our scenario need to understand that the group of stakeholders (patients and service users) are important, because competitors will be less significant that the provider organizations. On the other hand, assessing the nature of each stakeholder influence tend to have a significance. Since, groups behave differently under certain circumstances it tends to be ital to understand them (Hare, 2008). For instance, if we understand the character of internal operator in our case it means that we can perceive whether they easily understand policy, strategy and project in dependent terms of the organization. Therefore, stakeholders are believed to set policies, project and strategies in regards to the organization (Max, 2012). Hence, this means that listing possible stakeholders such as in our case tends to create the required estimates which are influential and important. Thirdly, carrying out an investigation on stakeholder will help to determine their characteristics, interests, and situations in a better way. It is important that the stakeholders convey their own concern. Therefore, useful methodologies analysis should include: Brainstorming will help to generate ideas and identify issues within the stakeholder groups. The session form will help to record points that can be prioritized and sorted. The formation of focus group will help to discuss on the topic with the stakeholders. An informal checklist of issues in semi-structured interviews is commonly used to guide the interview with the stakeholder group. The following approach is useful to cross-check; identify common ground, determination of the decision-making frameworks, and identification of the tradeoffs of stakeholders. Time lines can be constructed with the stakeholders of history links and the impacts of institutions, processes, and policies with the discussion of effect and cause of different changes. Diagrams help to get an idea of what would be the overall plan. Therefore, they help to motivate discussions by both literate and non-literate people. However, in general visualizations and diagrams work as because they gives focus on discussing issues, stimulate ideas, representing complex issues and therefore help in decision-making (In Abdibi, 2015). Some stakeholder influences and interests are therefore much more apparent than others. It is significant to remember that interests are difficult to describe - they may be multiple, hidden, or in contradiction with the objectives or aims of the organizations to which the stakeholders belong (Jeffries Battin, 2012). Some of these influences and interests are likely to disclose themselves slowly only, for reasons of personal or political expediency, whilst others, may have to be left well alone. Fourth, in regards to patterns and contexts of interaction between stakeholders, the four Rs tend to be the tool used in assessing our stakeholders responsibilities, rights, rewards and relationship with other groups. Lastly, assessing the results in regards to our stakeholder we could perceive that their recommendations are that the attainance of independence by patient in regards to monitoring their health tends to be an effective strategy of treating patients. But, some tend to believe that the implementation of such a program could yield negative results in terms of patient care. This is because medical specialists are professions and have adequate knowledge in terms of healthcare delivery. Therefore, having user monitor their own care could lead to negative response in terms of healthcare delivery. Thus, in regards to the results of our stakeholders analysis we could agree that the proposal should not be implemented as it may affect the quality of healthcare. Case Diagram Actor Actor represents the role of the user of the IT system. It is significant in the IT system to determine and evaluate the role of the users. In many IT system, the role describes the users should log in into the systems. Use case Use case describes interactions and communications that take place between IT systems and actors while the execution of the processes. It represents the functionally of IT system and also enables the users to access the functionally. Association Association is the relationship between the actor or check in employee and the use case. Therefore, it shows that the actor execute and accomplish the use case. Include Relationships Include relationship describe the relationships between the use cases. Therefore, it shows arrow points describing the use case within the diagram. The figure shows a model of the relationship. The use case shows express check point in the diagram at which case is producing boarding pass. It shows that the whole process of generating boarding pass that is carried out. References In Adibi, S. (2015).Mobile health: A technology road map Jeffries, P. R.,Battin, J. (2012).Developing successful health care education simulation centers: The consortium model. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Jorna, R. J. (2006).Sustainable innovation: The organisational, human and knowledge dimension. Sheffield: Greenleaf. Hare, K. (2008).Perception Gaps and the Adoption of Information Technology in theClinical Healthcare Environment. Martin, L. T., Fremont, A. M., Felton, A., Ruder, T., Bird, C. E., Miyashiro, L., Hanson, M., ... Missouri Foundation for Health. (2010).A prototype interactive mapping tool to target low health literacy in Missouri. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. In Talen, M. R., In Valeras, A. B. (2013).Integrated behavioral health in primary care: Evaluating the evidence, identifying the essentials. New York, NY: Springer. Singh, A., Gonzalez, E. T., Thomson, S. B. (2013).Millennium development goals and community initiatives in the Asia Pacific. New Delhi: Springer India. Ma, X. (2012).Rfid-based business process and workflow management in healthcare: Design and implementation. Cho, S. (2007).A contextualist approach to telehealth innovations.

Anti-Semitism in Political Cartoons essays

Anti-Semitism in Political Cartoons essays An anti-Semitic political cartoon drawn by the English artist, Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827) shows Solomon (of the Bible) enjoying himself with two pretty Christian girls. This, as with many other Nazi-driven ideas, contain very ironic subject matter, concerning the events that took place during the Holocaust. This cartoon tells the viewer that Jews have low morals, and that they believe they are superior to other races. The central theme of this particular cartoon is that Jews are crude and that they believe Jews are obliged to commit infamous acts against Christians. I will describe the various ways the viewer might decipher this illustration. Though these ideas will most likely sound strange, the sad fact is that many Nazis were trained to think this way. First of all, because of the anti-Semitic view that Jews are morally corrupt, there must be reason for the brutal murder of them, right? Even though in reality Jews followed the teachings of the Old Testament (which had a very high moral structure), Nazis decided to claim they were vulgar in order to justify their anti-Semitic behavior. Secondly, where did the notion that Jews are obliged to commit infamous acts against Christians come from? Yes, its true that cases do exist where Jews have done wrong towards Christians, but is that not the same vise-versa? When society takes one act of cruelty and stereotypes an entire race based upon that act, it suggests that things like anti-Semitism can be easily accepted. Because cartoons like this one were published in many European publications, the stereotypes set upon the Jews became widespread. These stereotypes enabled the Nazis in strengthening anti-Semitic values in the masses. By creating this otherness, Jews were essentially de-humanized and were easily punished for these horrible things they had been labeled for. Though this cartoon shows that Jews deemed themselves to be raciall...

Free Essays on Childrens Sexual Behavior

The American family has been thought to have tremendous power in regards to a child’s sexual behavior. In its healthy and well-functioning state, it should provide the framework for nurturing and growth and helps lay the foundation for the future generation. When the decision is made to have children, the parents embark on a journey filled with unexpected challenges, rewards, and disappointments. As children grow, parents are put in the sometimes uncomfortable position of needing to provide sexual education and guidance. Also, older siblings have a lot to do with their younger brothers and sisters views on sexuality. Now, is it a problem that an 8 year old is no longer a virgin? Depends on who you ask, but if you ask me, there’s something seriously wrong with that picture. When asked what he thought of it, his older brother replied, â€Å"That’s awesome, good for him, I wish I was like that at his age, I didn’t lose my virginity till I was 16.† When I heard this I was disgusted. I don’t even feel that it’s possible for an 8 year old to know what he’s doing. Granted he watches porn with his older brothers, and he’s seen his brother have sex before, but I can’t fathom how someone at that age has the mental and physical maturity to totally understand the act he is committing. The only thing I can think of is that it was done out of curiosity, and also because he’s just a young boy looking up to his older brother and wanting to do what he is doing. In this situation, I can totally understand how that would be the case, where his parents left it up to school, older siblings, and peers to teach pretty much him about sex. I have been to my friend’s house on a number of occasions and realized that there is no censoring whatsoever, in regards to television, language, and content spoken about around the house. How should a parent react when their 8 year old goes up to someone and lays his head in her cleavage and sa... Free Essays on Childrens Sexual Behavior Free Essays on Childrens Sexual Behavior The American family has been thought to have tremendous power in regards to a child’s sexual behavior. In its healthy and well-functioning state, it should provide the framework for nurturing and growth and helps lay the foundation for the future generation. When the decision is made to have children, the parents embark on a journey filled with unexpected challenges, rewards, and disappointments. As children grow, parents are put in the sometimes uncomfortable position of needing to provide sexual education and guidance. Also, older siblings have a lot to do with their younger brothers and sisters views on sexuality. Now, is it a problem that an 8 year old is no longer a virgin? Depends on who you ask, but if you ask me, there’s something seriously wrong with that picture. When asked what he thought of it, his older brother replied, â€Å"That’s awesome, good for him, I wish I was like that at his age, I didn’t lose my virginity till I was 16.† When I heard this I was disgusted. I don’t even feel that it’s possible for an 8 year old to know what he’s doing. Granted he watches porn with his older brothers, and he’s seen his brother have sex before, but I can’t fathom how someone at that age has the mental and physical maturity to totally understand the act he is committing. The only thing I can think of is that it was done out of curiosity, and also because he’s just a young boy looking up to his older brother and wanting to do what he is doing. In this situation, I can totally understand how that would be the case, where his parents left it up to school, older siblings, and peers to teach pretty much him about sex. I have been to my friend’s house on a number of occasions and realized that there is no censoring whatsoever, in regards to television, language, and content spoken about around the house. How should a parent react when their 8 year old goes up to someone and lays his head in her cleavage and sa...

Black Holes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Holes - Research Paper Example The fundamental question is how do black holes come into existence? Stars go through phases in their life cycle where they convert a healthy supply of hydrogen into helium through a process known as nuclear fusion. This is possible due to the high pressure and temperature that occur in the core of the star. At the end of a star’s life, it begins converting helium into other denser elements. Depending on the size of the star will depend whether a black hole will form. Black holes occur usually with massive stars. What happens is that the star begins to collapse on it, pushing toward a single point on the space-time continuum. Eventually, the star collapses in on itself at a singular point in space, which creates a quantum singularity, or black hole. At this point, the gravity is so immense that nothing can escape the pull of gravity, not even light, which moves at 3.0 x 109 m/s (Ferguson 6-8). The mechanics of a black hole can be simply put into the metaphor of a water drain th at sucks up water. The first important component of a black hole is understanding the limits and properties of a black hole. The first is the Schwarzschild radius, which is where the beginning of the black whole’s influence begins. ... The Principle of Cosmic Censorship describes this phenomenon in that because there is so much discrepancies between the laws of physics inside and outside the black hole, that scientists can ignore the laws of physics when studying inside the black hole (Wald 115). Even though the existence of black holes has been proven, it is hard for scientists to find the evidence to support the existence that these invisible entities exist. This is due the fact that they do not emit any type of energy on their own; the only way that scientists can study black holes is by watching them interact with other astrological phenomenon (hence why they were termed black holes). Thus scientists have had to develop new technologies in order to see the complex interactions that black holes have on celestial objects. One of the ways in which scientists can study black holes is how they interact with normal matter in space. The vacuum in interstellar space does not contain much normal matter, as it is mostly concentrated in the form of stars, solar systems, nebulas, etc. Due to the intense gravitational forces and the angular centripetal force, any matter that gets caught in the event horizon is suddenly accelerated through space. This friction and acceleration causes the temperature of the matter to rise exponentially due to speed and friction. As the matter spins around, it gives off different types of forms of radiation, which can then be picked up by scientific instruments. Sometimes, jets of accelerated energy will be emitted from the black hole, but the mechanics of how this occurs still is unknown to scientists. This shows that there is a black whole in the region interacting with objects (Wheeler 209-20). As stated previously, when matter is brought into

Modern chinese history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern chinese history - Research Paper Example Attempts by barbarians like the Manchu who earlier made contact with China did not have any influence on their way of life and instead got assimilated into the Han Chinese culture. The silk industry for example, has been part of China’s heritage for the last 5000 years and the mystery of its leadership had been unknown for centuries. The recently opened forbidden city that had for hundreds of years been the emperors residences and not accessible by any members of the public for the past 500 years is an example of how tightly guarded the Chinese civilization was and has been. The seclusion from the outside world has been possible over the centuries has facilitated the development of Chinese culture but posed a challenge to this populous nation in the mid 19th century as nations that had made huge technological advancement confronted China. As a result of this confrontation, China faced huge challenges a midst foreign onslaught and this led to a revolution that started in early 20th century that culminated to the establishment of a communist government in 1949.These series of events shaped the political aspect of china and has made it gain much influence in the modern world. The early governance of China was mainly encompassed on the aspect of Dynasties that ruled the state for many centuries since the early 1600-1046BC. The evidence of the existence of the first dynasty was proved by archaeological evidence which established that the Shang Dynasty of 1600-1046BC, was the first Chinese Dynasty, the information shows that this early Chinese society mainly majored in use of bronzes objects, massive ritual vessels and chariots. The information gives a clear indication that the Shang society was sophisticated and well organised with established societal structures. The Zhou, who had been their western neighbours since 1046 to 256BC, later conquered this early dynasty. The Qin dynasty was established and it had much influence on the then society of china, the r eign was acknowledged as the name China is derived from Qin. The dynasty was founded by Shihuangdi who ruled as the emperor and was regarded as a cruel tyrant even though he helped shape modern China by bringing up changes in the administration of his reign. The major achievements of his majesty Shihuandgi included the following: a. He established boundaries, which became the traditional territory of China. b. He developed networks of highways and unified a number of existing fortifications in the Great Wall of China. c. He also managed to establish a proper and basic administrative system that all succeeding dynasties followed over the next 2,000 years. The Han became the next Chinese dynasty after the death of Shihuandgi, this dynasty established much influence in the then China and it even led Chinese being regarded as Han to denote a Chinese. This reign was military capable and fought under the leadership of Han Wudi against its northern nomad neighbour, the Xiongnu as they took control of the eastern portion of the Silk Road, a trading route which was allowed them to sell goods as far away as Rome. Han was able to develop and establish China’s civil service system. This dynasty of Han fell apart during the first half of the 20th century after which the old system of China gradually disintegrated and turbulent preparations were made to lay down a new society. This old traditional governance was undermined by many foreign political philosophies; these critics gave rise to a need for nationalism, which became a very strong

The Classic Murder Story Essay Example for Free

The Classic Murder Story Essay I believe a classic murder story are things that have a strange murder weapon like Marys leg of lamb, the story must also have lots of detective work but shouldnt stress on it, must have a cliff hanger of some sort or failing that must have a striking finale (I found The Speckled Bands ending was an anti climax). My main things for a murder story in a great detective and an airtight alibi my favorite alibi everything above is included, brilliant.   The story of Lamb to the Slaughter begins with Mary Maloney waiting for her husband to return from work; while she is waiting she is sewing and glancing without at the clock. Then Patrick Maloney (her husband) walked in. Mary poured them both drinks. Mary while sitting down admires her husband and ponders her love for this man. Marys attempts at conversation are quickly halted Patrick shows a distinct feeling of uneasiness and seems extremely nervous. Mary began to talk about dinner but as she tried to start, he sat her down and told her some rather shocking news. This bewildered her and her mind became blank and everything she did was based on instinct. She murmured, Ill get the tea. She went down to the freezer got a Leg of lamb, which was the first thing, her hand made contact with. As she trailed by Patrick again he uttered his last words For Gods sake dont make anything for me .Im going out. With this her fury anger took over and she swung the frozen piece of meat as hard as she could killing him within seconds. She realized that she would get the death sentence but only cared for her baby. She went upstairs and practiced saying her usual sentences and smile. She went to the grocers, to create an alibi. When she returned she phoned the police in a grieved state. Her alibi was checked and was airtight. The police, who knew her, tried to comfort her she used this to feed them the murder weapon. Crafty!!! The prà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cis of The Speckled Band starts with Dr. Watson reviews his cases of the past years. Holmes wakes him up and takes him downstairs to meet a client. The client is Helen Stoner she tells him abut her familys history in India, about the bereavement of her sister, her violent stepfather and her current engagement. Holmes was worried and asked to investigate the Roylott Manor, she agreed, as her Stepfather would be in London for the day. The trip was arranged and Helen left. Soon Dr.Roylott entered threatening Holmes warning him to stay a way. Holmes left but first went to the Doctors Commons to where he found a motive for the Doctor as possible killer money. He then went to Stoke Moran and investigates in the 3 different rooms the main one being where Julia Stoner was killed. Holmes noticed: a ventilator going in the wrong wall, a fake bell ring, the bed was clamped down and the room was impenetrable. Roylotts room had the ventilator from Julias room the metal safe, a tied up dog leash like a noose and a saucer of milk. Holmes then told Mary to retire to bed early tonight light a candle when Dr. Roylott goes to bed and then withdraw to the to your original room. Watson Holmes then went to a nearby inn The Crown Inn; Holmes then shared his own workings with the good Dr. Watson. The Manor house went dark around 10:00pm and the candle was lit about an hour later. So they went to the house, coming along a baboon on their travels, and entered Julias room with Watson sitting further back than Holmes who had taken it upon himself to sit near the bed. Suddenly there was a bright light and Holmes struck at the bell pull with all his fury and might yelling at Watson You see it yet Watson Then there was a hellish scream and after going to Roylotts room Holmes Watson found Roylott dead with the Snake around his neck. Roald Dahl the author of Lamb To The Slaughter was most well known for his childrens novel such as The B.F.G, Matilda Danny Champion Of The World but this short but exciting story shows me that he was more than just a fringe live off fake words writer as this catapults him into the one of great writers of the 20th century.  The Speckled Band was written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle made famous for his Sherlock Holmes Novels. He was an extraordinary writer by the mere fact Sherlock Holmes is one the most well known fictional characters in the world. He got knighthood to prove his worth the highest award Britain has to offer.

Plato on the Existence of Negative Forms Essay -- Plato Philosophy Neg

Plato on the Existence of Negative Forms The question of the origin and nature of evil in the world has preoccupied philosophers throughout history. The ancient philosopher Plato does not directly address this question in his writings, but it can be argued that the logic of his theory of forms demands the existence of forms that are negative in meaning, such as the evil and the bad. When discussing his theory of imitation, Plato alludes to the principle that whenever there are many things of the same nature, there is one form for that nature. In several passages, Plato makes mention of many negative things. It can be debated, however, whether or not the negative has a positive ontological character of its own for which there can be a form. The several senses in which an object can be considered negative must first be distinguished before the texts of Plato can be analyzed. It will be shown that, although Plato makes references in the Republic to a common nature amongst many negative things, the supposition of a negative form is not in harmony with the hierarchal structure of forms that depends on the good, which is also presented in the Republic. A solution to this problem will be presented and analyzed. In order to understand why it is argued that negative forms must exist according to Plato's logic, one must first understand the meaning of form for Plato. Plato thinks that forms are separate and eternal entities that exist apart from the sensible world. Plato thinks that objects in the sensible world imitate a particular form and that form makes them what they are. Plato writes, "As you know, we customarily hypothesize a single form in connection with each of the many things to which w... ...rendon Press), 167-9. [4] Ross, 168. [5] Ross, 168. [6] Plato, Statesman, trans. Seth Benardete (Chicage: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 262 d. [7] Plato, Republic, 491 d 3. [8] Plato, Republic, 608 e 3. [9] Plato, Republic, 609 a 4-7. [10] Plato, Republic, 610 b 4-6. [11] Plato, Republic, 382 b. [12] Plato, Republic, 476 a. [13] Plato, Republic, 507 b 10-11. [14] Plato, Republic, 509 b 11-c. [15] Plato, Republic, 508 c-e. [16] Plato, Republic, 508 b ? 509 a 3. [17] Plato, Republic, 509 b 7 - 7 [18] Plato, Republic, 379 a 6 - c. [19] I.M. Crombie, An Examination of Plato?s Doctrines: Plato on Knowledge and Reality (New York: The Humanities Press), 283. [20] Crombie, 283. [21] Crombie, 284. [22] Plato, Statesman, 262 d. [23] Ross, 169. [24] Plato, Republic, 491 d 3. [25] Crombie, 284.

The Study of English Reading Strategies for English Majors in Ielts

The Study of English reading strategies for English majors in IELTS English Education Department of College of Foreign Languages Capital Normal University June 2012 Contents I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 II. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 4 2. 1 The definition of reading †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. 2 The definition of English reading strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2. 3 The reading test items in IELTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 4 The English reading strategies in IELTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 III. Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3. 1 Instruments †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 2 Research Setting and sampling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 3. 3 Design†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 3. 4 Analyzing Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 IV. Results and Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 4. 1 Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 4. 2 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦12 V. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 5. 1 Major findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 5. 2 Implications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 5. 3 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. 4 Future studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 VI. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. â⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 I. Introduction 1. Background of the research Nowadays, more and more Chinese students choose to study or travel abroad, so English becomes more and more important. International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is an international standardized test of English language proficiency (Wikipedia, 2011). It becomes one of the most popular exams for those who want to go abroad. In IELTS, reading is the most difficult part for many candidates, because in one hour candidates should finish 3 passages and 40 test items. And most candidates have problems either understanding the subject matter or completing all the sections. Keller, 2010) Even English majors, can not do well in the reading test. They usually lose many scores in readi ng test. Almost every examinee wants to improve their standard of reading. Although they try to use some strategies which were taught by their teachers or trainers, they can’t use these strategies effectively. Many scholars (Li, 2010;Luo, 2010;Shen, 2011;Yao, 2011;Tierney, Robert J. 2000; Readence, John E. , Hosenfeld, Carol, 2003) from home and abroad have noticed that the use of English reading strategies are very important and useful for candidates to do the English reading texts in IELTS.They also find that how to use various strategies effectively. For example, skimming is one of the most frequently used strategies in IELTS. â€Å"Skimming refers to reading a paragraph quickly to get an idea of what it is about, without trying to understand its details. † said by Dr Vivek(2009). 2. Significance of the research Although teachers and trainers have introduced many strategies of English reading, most of the students, even English majors who take the exam of IELTS, alw ays make many mistakes in the reading tests. In fact, many scholars (Li, 2010;Luo, 2010;Shen, 2011;Yao, 2011;Tierney, Robert J. 2000; Readence, John E. Hosenfeld, Carol, 2003) or teachers have already concluded various strategies for English reading test. For example, students or examinees should use the strategy â€Å"skimming† to reading a paragraph or a passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about, without trying to understand its details. However, many students, even English majors, just know the meaning of â€Å"skimming†, but cannot apply this strategy correctly and effectively to their reading test. In addition, because the time is limited, examiners do not have time to use the reading strategies he has learnt. Or maybe they haven’t developed the reading skills in his former study.Therefore, research in this area will be of great significance. This research aims to find out English Majors’ condition and the existing problem in using the readi ng strategies in IELTS. For students and examinees, it will help them to understand the basic meaning of each strategy, to form their own reading skills, and to use various strategies effectively in different kinds of reading test items IELTS and to make less mistakes in the test. 3. Hypothesis This study aims at investigating what the reading strategies are, when they should be used and how to use various strategies effectively.It can provide some suggestions of using reading strategies for English majors to take the exam of IELTS. 4. Research questions †¢ What are the English reading strategies in IELTS for English majors? †¢ When various strategies can be used in different reading test items in IELTS? †¢ How to use various strategies in IELTS reading test effectively? II. Literature Review 2. The definition of reading Far from being a â€Å"passive† skill, reading, is in fact, an active process in which readers relate information in the text to what they alr eady known. Knowledge of language allows readers to identify the printed words and sentences.The purposes of good readers are meaningful that they do not decode each letter or each word. Instead, they take in chunks of the text and relate it to what they know. Traditionally, many psychologists and teachers have insisted that reading is nothing more than decoding writing symbols to sounds. (i. e. figuring out what the printed word says). Others traditionally have insisted that reading involves not only decoding from print to sound, but also comprehending the written material. Forrest-Pressley and Waller (1984) felt that reading is not merely a decoding process nor it is solely a comprehension.Reading process is not just a â€Å"decoding plus comprehension† but reading involves even more. It involves at least three types of skills: decoding, comprehension and nature reading strategies (Forrest-Pressley & Brown, 1984; Brown, 1980). Besides, reading traditionally has been conside red as cognitive task. An unfortunate consequence of such a view of reading is that there has been no room for concern for the â€Å"executive control† that is done by a skilled reader. Only recently have several authors (e. g. Baker Brown, 1984; Brown, 1980; Myers & Pairs, 1928) suggested that reading might involve metacognition as well as cognition.Johnson (1983) has attempted to approach the issue of accessing comprehension from a rational point of view. He first considers what reading comprehension is, and then considers what factors influence it and its assessment— including reader and text characteristics. He comes to a definition of reading comprehension: That is reading comprehension is considered to be a complex behavior, which involves conscious and unconscious uses of various strategies, including problem— solving strategies, to build a model of the meaning, which is assumed to have intended.The model is constructed using schematic knowledge structure s and the various systems, which the writer has given (e. g. words, syntax, macrostructure, social information) to generate hypotheses, which are tested using carious logical and pragmatic strategies. Most of this model must be inferred, since text can never be fully explicit and, in general, very little of it is explicit because even the appropriate intentional and extensional meanings of words must be inferred from their context. (1983). 2. The definition of English reading strategyIt would be helpful to review a concise definition of reading strategies, but unfortunately, there is no consensus among researchers. At least, three problems persist. First, it is not clear how to differentiate reading strategies from other processes that might be called thinking, reasoning, perceptual study or motivational strategies. Weinstein and Mayer (1986) defined cognitive strategies as a broad array of actions that help to control behavior, emotions, motivation, communication, attention, and co mprehension.Although each kind of strategies might influence reading, not all researchers would classify them as reading strategies. A second problem concerns the scope strategies— are they global or specific? Levin (1986) argued that strategies include multiple components that must be carefully analyzed, whereas Derry and Murphy (1986) distinguished strategies as general learning plans that are difficult to demarcate when they are embed in complex sequences of behavior or hierarchies of decision. The third problem involves internationality and consciousness, considering these opposing viewpoints. To be a strategy, the means must be employed deliberately, with some awareness, in order to produce or influence the goal. † (Wellman, 1988) â€Å"Also, it is now recognized that strategies function at its best occurs without deliberation. It is more reflexive than voluntary† (Pressley, Forrest-Pressley & Elliot-Faust, 1988) Since the 1970s there has been no shortage of L2 (Second Language Learning) theorists advocating teaching students to use a variety of reading strategies in order to read better.There strategies run argument form the traditionally recognized reading skills of skimming and scanning, contextual guessing or skipping unknown words, tolerating ambiguity, reading for meaning, critical reading and make inferences, to more recently recognized strategies text structure (Block). Researchers in the L1 (First Language Learning) and L2 fields have demonstrated that strategy used is different in proficient readers. More proficient readers use them in different ways. 2. The reading test items in IELTS †¢ TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN †¢ SUMMARY †¢ HEADING MUTILPCHIOCE †¢ COMPLETION †¢ SHORT ANSWER †¢ TABLE †¢ MATCHING In our research, we will focus on the two kinds of reading test items in IELTS: TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN and MUTILPCHIOCE. In IELTS, these two kinds of test items are used with high frequency. Many of the examinees in IELTS often make mistakes in these two kinds of test items. Therefore, we will carry out research of reading strategies on these two parts and figure out whether English majors use reading strategies to do these two kinds of test items in IELTS. 2. The English reading strategies in IELTSSearch reading is the strategy likely to be used by candidates to help them find specific information and answer as quickly and accurately as possible in reading examinations. Search reading is defined by Urqhuart and Weir (1998) as the strategy used to locate and comprehend discrete pieces of information on predetermined topics in order to answer a set of questions or provide data. According to the authors, the readers do not necessarily have to start by reading the whole text to get the gist. Moreover, search reading seems to be compatible at different points with scanning, skimming and ‘careful global reading’ (i. . comprehension of the main ideas in the text). That is, t he first step in search reading involves the process of locating (scanning) the words that are noted in a question and matching them to the same or related information in the text. Skimming is then used to select the specific text that seems important to answer the question. Consequently, the text selected will be read more carefully to find out if it definitely answers the question, which means careful global reading will then take place (by reference to the parts of the text selected and not to the whole text, as discussed above).Search reading is also addressed by other authors such as Dreher (1992), Guthrie and Kirsch (1987), Symons and Specht (1994), as well as Enright et al. (2000) specifically in relation to English language reading examinations. III. Research Methodology 1. Instruments In this research, we will use â€Å"individual interview† and â€Å"think aloud† as our research methods. The main advantage of face-to-face or direct interviews is that the rese archer can adapt the questions as necessary, clarify doubt and ensure that the responses are properly understood, by repeating or rephrasing the questions. Peter,2010) The researcher can also pick up nonverbal cues from the respondent. Any discomfort, stress and problems that the respondent experiences can be detected through frowns, nervous taping and other body language, unconsciously exhibited by any person. We will design several questions related to our topic. A notable advantage of think aloud protocols over individual interviews as a data collection method with respect to information behavior is that they are at least able to elicit data at the time of the experience in question and the accuracy of the material contributed will therefore not be affected by lapses in memory. Manguel, 2008) To investigate whether a search reading strategy is used in reading examinations, a questionnaire asked 40 international postgraduate students who had done IELTS which strategies they used w hen reading text and answering questions in the academic reading task. The questionnaire was composed of a single question, which asked participants to choose the steps they followed and to put them in order (as illustrated in Appendix A). These steps were based on the steps recommended for the IELTS reading module (Jakeman & McDowell, 2001), but three steps were added to extend the scope of the questionnaire.Participants reported that they underlined the key words in the questions (23 participants), scanned the passage to find the key words (23 participants) and read the text around the key word carefully after finding it (30 participants). These results, therefore, suggest that the most common strategy used when reading under time pressure in examinations is compatible with search reading (as described at the beginning of this section). Furthermore, it seems that two distinct aspects of selective processing are involved in search reading: perceptual and conceptual processing of te xt.This distinction is based on Masson's (1982, 1985) characterization of cognitive processes in skimming stories. Applying Masson's theory to English language reading examinations, candidates may look for visual features, i. e. key words, in the text relevant to the question, which is a perceptual process. Having located the pertinent information, they then more carefully read the phrases containing the key words so that the answer can be found, accurately comprehended and extracted to answer the question, which is a conceptual process. 2.Research Setting and Sampling We did our research in Capital Normal University. In this research, we chose three English majors to be the interviewees. First, the three interviewees attended the interview one by one. They were asked some questions about English reading strategies. These might help us researchers know more about the interviewees and their knowledge, opinion and recognition of reading strategies. Then, the three interviewees attende d the think-aloud one by one. We researchers chose one piece of IELTS reading passage for the interviewees to finish.During the test, they were asked some questions about the test items and their feelings about reading test while they were doing the test. The whole passage: Search begins for ‘Earth' beyond solar system (shown in the appendix) 3. Design During the interview, we will ask interviewees to answer some questions about reading strategies, such as their recognition of English reading strategies, the usage of reading strategies, the effect of using reading strategies, etc. During the think-aloud, we will give each of them a piece of IELTS reading passage, and ask them to finish all the exercises after the passage.When they are doing the exercise, we will ask them one or two questions of each test item about English reading strategies. 4. Analyzing Procedures Step 1: Select three English majors from the CNU in different levels. Step 2: The three interviewees will be int erviewed individually. Several questions about reading strategies will be asked. Their answer will be record in a excel file. Step 3: The three students will attend the think-aloud interview one by one. During they do the reading test, several designed questions will be asked. Step 4: Collect their answers and compare with each other. | |When did you begin |Will you use reading |Reading strategies can help|Would you like to |How about your | | |Do you know what is reading|to know reading |strategies during reading |you improve your English in|know more about |reading scores? | | |strategies? |strategies? |texts? Please lay out these|which aspects? |reading strategies? | | | | | |by using frequency. | | | | | |Candidate A | |The first question: replace the original words by using the four choices. | |Question 2 – 5: rereading the text, and then finding out the key sentences and translating. | |The first question: using exclusive method to leave out C and D, and then using sca nning. | |Question 2 – 5: using skimming strategy firstly to find out these statements, and then using scanning strategy to get the right | |answers. From the above table, we can find out exclusive method, skimming and scanning are three reading strategies most frequently used by candidates. Usually, when candidates finish multiple choice questions, they would like to use exclusive method to ignore one or two interferential choices. And then they can choose possible answer from rest two choices, so they have 50% opportunity to get right answer. Question 2 to question 5 are true or false questions. Candidates used skimming to find out where are these sentences in the original text.When they focused on one sentence, they will use scanning to search for certain words to figure out whether the statement is true or false or not given. 4. Discussion The purpose of the study was to investigate the condition of English reading strategies for English majors in IELTS. The findings clea rly suggest that most students have learnt and used the strategies in their reading. For the multiple choice items in the IELTS exam, scanning is the most useful strategy. We can find out the relational part of the key words in the item.The students who have learnt the reading strategies outperformed those who didn’t know the reading strategies in every aspect as shown by their performance during the think-aloud part. (The first student and third student have learnt English reading strategies before, while the second student did not know reading strategies before. So he used longer time finishing the same number items but failed in the exam. ) They showed particular strengths in the IELTS reading section, suggesting that the reading strategies they have been taught really help the students to understand and focus on the test of their reading.It also seems to be the case that skimming should become a natural first step to any kind of reading readers do —- articles, book s, newspapers, and even advertisements or bus schedules( , 1999). In the short answer questions part, skimming is becoming more helpful for examinees. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just look at the headings, subheadings and the first lines of each section or paragraph. The examinees need to catch the key points of the test in limited time, so skimming can save up much time than reading the test one word after another.Another reason for the benefits of reading strategies may be that scanning is a search for information which is often some specific information ( , 1997). This supports and adds to the findings of Wang Li (2011), who showed similar results for English reading strategies. In the true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more proper than any other strategies. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose.Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the q uestions ask for factual information. This study has taken a step in the direction of justifying the effect of English reading strategies for English majors in the IELTS. These reading strategies can not only promote students’ understanding when they do reading exercises, but also improve students’ reading ability. It may be the case that students who do not familiar with the reading strategies may be easily fail the IELTS compared to those who have already learnt and use reading strategies before.It is also not clear whether skimming and scanning are the most useful reading strategies for IELTS, such as note-taking and summary would succeed to the same extent. The approach outlined in this study should be replicated with other students in other classes, as well as at other levels in order to be able to recommend the effect of English reading strategies for IELTS for English majors. V. Conclusion 5. Major findings 1. English reading strategies in IELTS From the whole r esearch, we find that although there are so many reading strategies in reading text, informants use skimming and scanning most frequently.In IELTS reading test, there are 8 types questions — true or false questions, summary, heading, multiple choice, completion, short answer, table and matching, while, scanning and skimming can be used in most kinds of questions. In other words, scanning and skimming are the basic reading strategies in IELTS reading test. 2. The proper way to use various reading strategies in IELTS It is generally believed the first passage is easier than the second and third. Sometimes, however, this doesn't hold true. So, before attempting the passages, informants do an overview to get an idea about the subject matter.Different strategies can be adopted to attempt different passages. These may be skimming and scanning, reading intensively and a hit-and-trial method. In this research, we will just focus on two kinds of reading strategies—-skimming and scanning. The formats of the questions in the IELTS are: multiple choice, gap-fills, short answer questions, matching and true/false/not given. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just look at the headings, subheadings and first lines of each section or paragraph. Also notice the key words repeated throughout the text.The main purpose is to understand the gist — the general idea of the text. When you need to give a title of the test, skimming can help you. Also, matching part acquire you to skim the test in a short time. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose. Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the questions ask for specific factual information. For example, in the multiple choices, gap-fills, true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more helpful than any other strategies. . Implications As it can be seen in the findings and discussion, English majors do know some English reading strategies while they are doing reading tests. In IELTS, the reading strategies for different kinds of reading test items are various. So this research may help English majors understand more about the English reading strategies for different reading test items in IELTS. They may get higher scores in IELTS after knowing and making full use of the various reading strategies. 5. Limitations In all, the research findings are limited by the very nature of the method used.For example, the interviews are finished only in one university and the interviewees are only three. The data may not be accurately. The study of the English reading strategies and the reading test items in IELTS are limited. We just conduct the research on some of the strategies and two kinds of test items. However, due to the physical condition, time limitation, etc, the limitations cannot be overcome. 5. Further studies In the future, we may focus on the study of the rest kinds of English reading strategies and reading test items.It is believed that reading strategies come to help for students or examinees to take exams. The further studies may be helpful for English majors to do reading tests better in IELTS. VI. References 1. Camboune, B. (2001). Why do some students fail to learn to read? Ockham’s razar and the conditions of learning. The Reading Teacher, 54, (8), 784-786 2. Csaba Csikos and Janos Steklacs, Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students, 2010 3. Davis, M. , & Lyons, S. (2001). Improving reading †¦Reading: ideas from two teachers. Voices from the Middle 8, (4), 51-57. . Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for Reading, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http://www. aippg. com/ielts/reading-tips-ielts. html 5. Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for the Reading Test, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http://www. aippg. com/ielts/strategies%20for%20reading. htm 6. Dreher, M. J. (1992). Searching for information in t extbooks. Journal of Reading, 35 (5), 364–371. Web of Science ® Times Cited: 14 7. Enright, M. K. , Grabe, W. , Koda, K. , Mosenthal, P. , Mulcahy-Ernt, P. & Schedl, M. (2000). TOEFL 2000 reading framework: A working paper. TOEFL Monograph Series Report No. 17.Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. 8. Forrest-Presley and Waller (1984) Metacognition About Reading Is Related to Reading Performance: A comment About Jacobs and Paris Educational Psychologist Volume 24, Issue 2, 1989 9. Guthrie, J. T. & Kirsch, I. S. (1987). Distinctions between reading comprehension and locating information in text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79 (3), 220–227. CrossRef,Web of Science ® 10. Hosenfeld, Carol A Preliminary Investigation of the Reading Strategies of Successful and No successful Second Language Learners http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. sp? _nfpb=true=EJ162478=no=EJ162478 11. Hurst,C. O. (2000). Guided reading can strengthen comprehension skil ls. Teaching Pre k-8 31, (2) 70-71 12. Jakeman, V. & McDowell, C. (2001). IELTS practice tests plus: Teaching not just testing. Harlow, Essex: Longman. 13. Johnson, P. (2002). Strategies that work: Teaching comprehension to enhance understanding. Instructor, 111 (8), 30-43 14. Keller, J. M. (2010). IELTS Reading Strategies. Tcyonline. Retrieved from http://www. tcyonline. com/betterthink/ielts-reading-test-strategies 15. Macmilland Dictionary ttp://www. macmillandictionary. com/dictionary/british/IELTS 16. Masson, M. E. J. (1982). Cognitive processes in skimming stories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8 (5), 400–417. CrossRef,Web of Science ® 17. Masson, M. E. J. (1985). Rapid reading processes and skills. In G. E. MacKinnon & T. G. Waller (Eds. ), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 4. (pp. 183–230). New York: Academic Press. 18. Symons, S. & Specht, J. A. (1994). Including both time and accuracy in defining text search efficiency. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26 (3), 267–276.Web of Science ® Times Cited: 5 19. Tierney, Robert J. ; Readence, John E. Reading Strategies and Practices: A Compendium. Fifth Edition. http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=true=ED448405=no=ED448405 20. Urqhuart, S. & Weir, C. (1998). Reading in a second language: Process, product and practice. London: Longman. 21. Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/IELTS 22. . (2011) , ,Retrieved from http://bj. xdf. cn/publish/portal24/tab16996/info647081. htm 23. [J]. . 010. 10 24. [J]. ( )2010. 9 25. [J]. ( ). 2011. 7 26. [J]. . 2011. 12 †¢ Appendix 1. Individual Interview Questions: 1. Do you what is reading strategies? 2. When do you begin to learn about reading strategies? 3. , , Do you usually use the reading strategies in doing reading tests? What kind of strategies did you use? Please put them in order according to frequency. 4. Do you think reading strategi es do help in your reading test? And how? 5. , What’s your reading score in the extensive reading? 2. The whole passage: Search begins for ‘Earth' beyond solar system Staff and agencies Wednesday December 27, 2006 Guardian Unlimited 1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another â€Å"Earth† among the stars. 2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2. 20pm. 3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system.Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find â€Å"any little green men†. 4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austr ia, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds. . â€Å"At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men,† Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find â€Å"rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water†. 7.To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a â€Å"transit†. Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses. 8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets – that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth – which will cause the most

Global Warming and Cryptocurrencies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 626 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Cryptocurrencies have progressed in our society and have come a long way as a trading alternative. Digital currencies like Bitcoin or Ether have made themselves the most popular growing unit value and proved to be the most successful and legitimate transaction. Although cryptocurrencies have massive and multiple benefits, it does not exist without its fallbacks. The environmental impact of digital currencies have become to rise under question and scientists are concerned for the potential outcomes that will arise in the nearer future. Unlike the dollar or other various currencies like the pound, these virtual â€Å"coins† are not tied to a bank, instead they are â€Å"mined† by computers in data centers that use excessive and huge amounts of energy. as of December, 2017 one of the most vastly used digital currency, Bitcoin (BTC) estimately uses about 32 terawatts of energy every year, which is equivalent to powering about three million households in the U.S. The process of mining BTC and other digital currencies uses a staggering amount of energy and the numbers are only rising especially for the black market and illegal businesses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming and Cryptocurrencies" essay for you Create order Meteorologist, Eric Holthaus argues, â€Å"bitcoin is slowing the effort to achieve a rapid transition away from fossil fuels†. The burning of coal and other fossil fuels is currently a major source of electricity and power worldwide, not only for cryptocurrencies in the business aspect but also for other hosts. Researchers at the University of Cambridge have indicated that much of the electricity used in mining operations has come from insufficient coal based power plants that were constructed in rural areas of the country in advance of large construction projects many of which were never materialized. Coal burning is a significant contributor to climate change in the environment and the result of carbon dioxide which is produced by the process. Not only does coal burning impact climate change but it also promotes air pollution. When coal is burned it releases a number of airborne toxins and pollutants. Mercury, sulfur dioxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulates, and various other metals are all included when comes to chemicals and toxins released into the air we breathe in everyday. This impacts the health of the occupants on earth, which includes us humans. Health impacts can range from asthma and breathing difficulties, to brain damage, heart problems, cancer, neurological disorders, and premature death. Coal impacts the basic necessities needed to sustain life like water, for example. More than a million tons of coal ash is produced from burning charcoal every year. More than half of that waste ends up in local ponds, lakes, landfills, and other sites where, overtime, it can contaminate waterways and drinking water. Conclusion Global warming is a serious, long term and a problematic global impact. Chemically, coal is mostly carbon, which, when burned, reacts with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide which ultimately is a heat trapping gas. When carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it acts as a blanket, warming the earth above normal limits. Although the environmental impact will not be sudden and quick, mathematically, the more and more Bitcoins are mined, energy will be required and which will process it more and intentionally polluting and damaging the world we live in. There are several ways to induce environmental healing by searching for alternatives. With the recent and rapid growth of cryptocurrencies in general, one might wonder how in the world there might be an alternative or solution to this problem. The alternatives can focus on two different and separate aspects, one that issues with the way cryptocurrencies are mined, or another approach that deals with the renewable energy powered mining operations. One of the ways to fix or alleviate the problem is to use renewable energy for power mining operations.